Nitrogen fixation estimates for the Baltic Sea indicate high rates for the previously overlooked Bothnian Sea

Dense blooms of diazotrophic filamentous cyanobacteria are formed every summer in the Baltic Sea. We estimated their contribution to nitrogen fixation by combining two decades of cyanobacterial biovolume monitoring data with recently measured genera-specific nitrogen fixation rates. In the Bothnian Sea, estimated nitrogen fixation rates were 80 kt N year⁻¹, which has doubled during recent decades and now exceeds external loading from rivers and atmospheric deposition of 69 kt year⁻¹. The estimated contribution to the Baltic Proper was 399 kt N year⁻¹, which agrees well with previous estimates using other approaches and is greater than the external input of 374 kt N year⁻¹. Our approach can potentially be applied to continuously estimate nitrogen loads via nitrogen fixation. Those estimates are crucial for ecosystem adaptive management since internal nitrogen loading may counteract the positive effects of decreased external nutrient loading.     

水华束丝藻与铜绿微囊藻净化水体氮磷及其脂质积累过程比较

选取水华束丝藻与铜绿微囊藻作为典型水华蓝藻,探索水华蓝藻净化水体及合成生物柴油的潜力.采用氮磷浓度为NH4-N 7.5 mg/L,PO43--P 1.0 mg/L的模拟污水,重点考察了在光照强度与温度不同的条件下2种微藻对氮磷的去除率,并利用尼罗红荧光染色法测定了微藻中的中性脂含量.结果表明,2种藻对PO43--P的去除率均较高,最高达到98％,对NH4+-N的去除率稍低,最高为52％.水华束丝藻及铜绿微囊藻均具有较强积累中性脂的能力,适宜的温度与光照条件有利于微藻对氮磷的去除及细胞中脂类的积累.2种藻均在光照强度为12 000 lx时中性脂含量更高.水华束丝藻在温度为18 ～22℃条件下,生长更优,氮磷净化效果较好,中性脂积累能力更强.而铜绿微囊藻在温度为22～ 26℃时表现更好.     

Cloning and expression analysis of geosmin synthase gene from Aphanizomenon gracile北大核心CSCD

Geosmin is a secondary metabolite responsible for earthy odors. The occurrence of geosmin has great impact on the quality of water environment. The gene essential for geosmin biosynthesis have been identified in several species. But little is known about the mechanism of geosmin synthesis in Aphanizomenon gracile. This study attempted to clone the gene involved in geosmin biosynthesis of Aphanizomenon gracile a nd a nalyze t he geosmin production u nder d ifferent e nvironments. T he high-efficiency thermal asymmetric interlaced PCR (hiTAIL-PCR) was used to amplify the full-length of geosmin synthase gene from Aphanizomenon gracile (WH-1). Real time PCR (RT-PCR) was applied to quantify the geosmin production in different light and temperature. As a result, geo, a geosmin synthase gene from Aphanizomenon gracile (WH-1) was cloned by hiTAIL-PCR. The full-length open reading frame (ORF) of geo was 2 262 bp, coding for a protein of 753 amino acids. Meanwhile, WH-1 was treated with different environment conditions and mRNA expression levels of geo were quantified by RT-PCR. It was found that low temperature (15 °C), high light intensity (35 μmol m-2 s-1) and continuous light illumination were beneficial to the expression of geo. The successful amplification of geosmin synthase gene verified that hiTAIL-PCR is an effective and simple procedure of low cost. The result provides fundamental knowledge on the monitoring and prevention for odorants.     

水华束丝藻对汞的吸附-解吸特征

通过室内模拟实验,探究不同丰度的活、死水华束丝藻对Hg²⁺的吸附动力学特征和等温吸附模型以及解吸特征。结果表明,水华束丝藻对Hg²⁺有较好的吸附效果,能在短时间内吸附大量Hg²⁺,120 min左右达到吸附平衡,且活藻对Hg²⁺的吸附效果比死藻好;活藻和死藻吸附Hg²⁺的动力学过程符合准一级、准二级动力学模型,且准二级动力学模型拟合效果更好;活、死水华束丝藻对Hg²⁺的吸附分别符合Langmuir模型、D-R模型,最大吸附量分别为2.07×10^-2 ng/（10⁶ cells）、3.56×10^-2 ng/（10⁶ cells）;水华束丝藻对Hg²⁺的单位吸附量随着藻丰度的增加而减少,吸附总量随着藻丰度的增加而增加。反应初期（0～5 min）,活、死水华束丝藻对Hg²⁺进行生物吸附,吸附速度快且效率高;随后活藻依靠新陈代谢将Hg²⁺转移至细胞内进行生物富集,因而活藻的单位吸附量高于死藻。活藻和死藻对Hg²⁺的解吸量随藻丰度的增加而增加,且死藻变化更明显。     

改性黏土去除水华束丝藻的研究

以采集自云南滇池的水华束丝藻(Aphanizomenon flos-aquae)为研究对象,分别用壳聚糖和聚合氯化铝对云南省常见的硅藻土进行改性,在实验室条件下研究两种改性黏土对水华束丝藻的去除效果。通过去除率的比较,得出两种改性黏土去除水华束丝藻的线性拟合方程。每毫升藻液壳聚糖改性硅藻土投加量(m L)与藻细胞光密度OD_(680)、叶绿素a质量浓度(mg/L)的关系分别为y=0.0377x-0.0014和y=0.009x+0.0002;每毫升藻液聚合氯化铝改性硅藻土投加量(m L)与藻细胞光密度OD_(680)、叶绿素a质量浓度(mg/L)的关系分别为y=0.0135x+0.002和y=0.0039x+0.002。壳聚糖改性硅藻土和聚合氯化铝改性硅藻土去除水华束丝藻的最适pH值范围分别为5~8、5~9,总氮(TN)去除率分别为39.77%、45.44%,总磷(TP)去除率分别为64.92%、78.01%。聚合氯化铝改性硅藻土去除水华束丝藻的最适pH值范围较宽,且其除藻过程中对TN、TP的去除率均较高。用透明溞(Daphnia magna)对其进行生态安全性试验,得出壳聚糖改性硅藻土和聚合氯化铝改性硅藻土除藻至48 h死亡率分别为30.77%、0。     

脉冲变频电磁场对水华鱼腥藻生长的效应

对脉冲变频电磁场作用下,扫描频率和磁感应强度的变化对水华鱼腥藻细胞活性和生长的影响进行了研究。结果显示,扫描频率从25-27 Hz增大到1-60 kHz时,磁场对藻细胞活性的抑制作用减小,但增大到60 kHz以上,磁场对藻细胞产生强烈抑制作用,累积水力停留时间4 min的藻样在48 h培养时间内已失去活性停止生长。扫描频率为50-100 Hz和1-60 kHz时,累积水力停留时间2 min的藻样,细胞受到磁场刺激生长加快;只有累积水力停留时间〉6 min,才表现出对藻活性的抑制作用。磁感应强度增大至120 G,磁场对细胞活性产生明显抑制作用,增大磁感应强度有利于对细胞活性和生长的抑制。     

3株溶藻细菌溶藻特性的初步研究

对3株溶藻细菌L7、L8和L18溶解水华鱼腥藻(Anabaena flos-aquae FACHB-245)的溶藻方式、溶藻活性代谢产物的溶藻特性进行了研究。3株菌都为间接溶藻,产生具有热稳定性的、对水华鱼腥藻有较强溶藻效果的活性代谢产物。L8的溶藻效果与藻液中投加溶藻活性代谢产物的浓度呈正相关。处于衰减期的L8,其溶藻活性代谢产物的溶藻效果好于对数生长期和稳定期。在不同pH值条件下进行溶藻实验,当pH值为8.5±0.1时,L7溶藻活性代谢产物的去除率达到85.78%;当pH值为10±0.2时,L8和L18溶藻活性代谢产物的去除率分别达到92.84%和78.72%;由7×108cells/mL的L8菌液获得的无菌滤液,当投加量<30%时,对水华鱼腥藻的生长具有促进作用。     

壳聚糖联合聚合氯化铝强化混凝除藻的参数优化

为增强饮用原水中藻类的混凝去除效果,以铜绿微囊藻和水华鱼腥藻为对象,在单因素实验的基础上,采用响应曲面法考察了壳聚糖（CTS）投加量、聚合氯化铝（PAC）投加量、pH值及CTS和PAC的投加顺序对CTS联合PAC混凝除藻的影响.结果表明,混凝去除铜绿微囊藻（叶绿素a含量为45~55μg/L）的最佳条件为：CTS 0.40mg/L、PAC 1.19mg/L、原水pH值7.5、CTS和PAC混合均匀后投加,该条件下模型预测叶绿素a去除率为96.1%（实测值为95.7%）;混凝去除水华鱼腥藻（叶绿素a含量为80~90μg/L）的最佳条件为：CTS 0.25mg/L、PAC 2.00mg/L、原水pH值7.9、先投加CTS后投加PAC,该条件下模型预测叶绿素a去除率为97.9%（实测值为97.0%）.当原水pH值9.0时（模拟高藻原水的碱性环境）,混凝去除铜绿微囊藻和水华鱼腥藻的最佳投药顺序均为CTS和PAC混合均匀后投加,实测叶绿素a去除率分别为94.9%和95.3%;混凝铜绿微囊藻的药剂方案为CTS 0.40mg/L、PAC 2.00mg/L,药剂成本为0.0215元/m³,混凝水华鱼腥藻的药剂方案为CTS 0.24mg/L、PAC 2.00mg/L,药剂成本为0.0149元/m³.     

光照度对水华鱼腥藻细胞比重与藻丝长度的影响研究

为深入探索可获得光资源量(light availability)与水华鱼腥藻(Anabaena flos-aquae)浮沉关键因子——细胞比重、藻丝长度,以及水华鱼腥藻沉降损失的关系,开展了纯培养试验.在温度(25±1)℃,光照度分别为100,500,1000,3000,5000lx的条件下,培养时间35d,结果显示:在1~10d内鱼腥藻细胞比重随光照度增大而增大,在10d左右达到最大值,随后各光照组下鱼腥藻细胞比重较稳定且相差不大;光照越强,水华鱼腥藻的藻丝越短,其变化趋势是先增大到最大值再减小;光照越强,水华鱼腥藻的藻丝长度越快增大到最大值;实验结束时高光照度下水华鱼腥藻沉降损失比率较小,均低于10%,低光照下水华鱼腥藻沉降性能较好,最高可达到57.3%.实验结果表明:可获得光资源量下降直接影响鱼腥藻比重和藻丝长度并进一步导致鱼腥藻的沉降损失比率增大,这为持续型垂直混合导致蓝藻消亡的原因提供了新解释.     

悬浮泥沙对蓝藻光合及细胞化学计量的影响

选取水华微囊藻Microcystis flos-aquae为实验材料,在含不同浓度的悬浮泥沙中培养,测定其光合特性和胞内营养元素含量.结果显示,除低浓度悬浮泥沙组外,水华微囊藻比生长速率和chla浓度均低于对照组,且随着时间的延长,含泥沙组水华微囊藻的光合活性F_v/F_m显著下降.水华微囊藻的最大放氧速率P_m和光饱和点I_k随着泥沙浓度的增加而减小,而暗呼吸速率R_d和光抑制作用β显著升高.此外,随着泥沙浓度的升高,水华微囊藻单位细胞C和P含量显著降低,而单位细胞N含量略微升高;由于胞内P含量变化较大,导致N/P比和C/P比显著升高,而C/chla比值随泥沙浓度的增加呈下降的趋势.由此可见,悬浮泥沙虽然因光衰减效应减少了水华微囊藻胞内C含量以及能量供给,但微囊藻通过调节自身生理机能和代谢策略,优先补给C和提高N的合成,节约P合成的能量,通过调节胞内C：N：P储存的优化分配,以适应含悬浮泥沙的外界环境维持生长.