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《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(2):249-261
Abstract A simple, very efficient method is presented for routine analysis of herbicide Krovar I? (active components bromacil and diuron) in water and soil samples. Water samples were extracted by liquid–liquid extraction with dichloromethane (DCM) as extraction solvent. For soil samples two different extraction techniques were compared: microwave-assisted solvent extraction and a shaking technique using a platform shaker. Extracts were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography using a water:methanol gradient. Liquid chromatography was coupled with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry (LC-APCI-MS) for quantification of bromacil and diuron. Optimization of the APCI-MS was done by using standards in the flow injection analysis mode (FIA). Method detection limit for liquid samples for bromacil is 0.04 µg L?1 and for diuron 0.03 µg L?1. Method detection limit for soil samples is 0.01 µg g?1 dry weight for both compounds. Results of analysis of field samples of water and soil are also presented. 相似文献
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Use of adjuvants to minimize leaching of herbicides in soil 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Excessive leaching of herbicides affects their efficacy against target weeds and results in contamination of groundwater.
Use of adjuvants that can weakly bind herbicides and in turn release them slowly is a valuable technique to prolong the efficacy
of herbicides and to minimize their leaching into groundwater. Effects of activated charcoal, three humic substances (Enersol
SP 85%, Enersol 12%, and Agroliz), or a synthetic polymer (Hydrosorb) on the leaching of bromacil, dicamba, and simazine were
investigated in leaching columns using a Candler fine sand (Typic Quartzipsamment). The addition of adjuvants had no harmful
effects on physical properties of the soil as evident from lack of its affects on water percolation. When no adjuvants were
used, 69%, 37%, and 4% of applied dicamba, bromacil, and simazine, respectively, were leached in the first pore volume of
leachate (⋍3.2 cm rainfall). With five pore volumes of leachate (⋍16 cm rainfall), bromacil and dicamba were leached completely
and only 80% of simazine was leached. Using Enersol 12% adjuvant resulted in a 13%–18% reduction in leaching of dicamba and
bromacil in five pore volumes of leachate. The leaching of simazine was significantly decreased when any of the five adjuvants
mentioned above were used. However, the decrease in leaching was significantly greater when using Enersol SP 85% or Enersol
12% (24%–28%) than when using the other adjuvants (12%–16%). 相似文献
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