螯合纤维的合成及其吸附重金属离子的研究

研究了含有胺肟基和胺腙基功能纤维的合成、结构表征和螯合性能。新型合纤维对多种重金属离子具有良好的吸附性能，能从被污染的水体和土壤中去除重金属离子，经洗脱后可回收金属，螯合纤维能反复使用。     

柱撑粘土材料的环境化学行为

柱撑粘土是一种新型的复合材料，国内外近年来进行了广泛和深入的，本文系统评述了国内外柱撑粘土复合材料的环境化学行为，吸附重金属离子，吸附苯酚类物质，吸附磷类物质，吸附废水中的COD，大气污染等方面，揭示该种新材料在各种污水处理中具有广阔的应用前景。     

载La(Ⅲ)-和Fe(Ⅲ)-氨基膦酸型螯合树脂对氟吸附性能的比较

研究并比较了载La（Ⅲ）和载Fe（Ⅲ）大孔氨基膦酸型螯合树脂对饮用水中氟离子的吸附特性。氟在载La（Ⅲ）和载Fe（Ⅲ）的螯合树脂上的吸附不随pH的变化而改变,载金属螯合树脂对氟的饱和吸附容量分别为3.78、3.55mg/g,吸附方式符合Freundlich吸附等温式,代表性竞争离子不影响氟在螯合树脂上的吸附。结果表明载Fe（Ⅲ）和载La（Ⅲ）的螯合树脂是一种有前景的饮水氟去除吸附剂。     

调理剂对污泥中石油降解速率的影响

试验研究了添加不同调理剂及不同量调理剂对污泥中石油生物降解的影响。结果表明：添加调理剂可以显著地提高石油生物降解速率；几种调理剂之间比较，以木为最好，蛭石次之，稻草再次之。添加６％的调理剂，在室温下培养１２０ｄ，污泥中石油残留量减少了近７０％。     

常用氧化剂性能研究

用四种常用的氧化剂:高锰酸钾、漂白粉、NaClO和H2O2/Fe2+对大港油田港深11井酸化废水进行了处理。考察了氧化剂的投加量、氧化时间和pH值对酸化废水色度和COD去除率的影响。实验结果表明,在最佳条件下,H2O2/Fe2+对酸化废水的色度和COD的去除率最高;用高锰酸钾处理废水,其COD去除率较高,但脱色效果差;而漂白粉和NaClO的脱色率较高,但其氧化能力有限。建议油田用氧化法处理废水时应采用H2O2/Fe2+催化氧化体系。     

低温复合菌剂对牛粪堆肥发酵影响的研究

为了探明低温复合菌剂对牛粪堆肥发酵的影响,开发出适合东北寒区堆肥发酵的微生物菌剂.本研究在0℃以下以牛粪、秸秆为原料,分别设置接种低温复合菌剂堆肥、接种常温菌剂堆肥和自然堆肥3个处理,测定了堆肥过程中温度、p H、C/N、全磷、铵态氮、硝态氮和种子发芽指数的动态变化.试验结果表明,接种低温复合菌剂组第11 d进入高温期(50℃),比接种常温菌剂组提前了14 d,最高温度达62℃,高温期维持了9 d,而自然堆肥组一直未进入高温期.至堆肥结束时,接种低温复合菌剂组和接种常温菌剂组的最终p H分别为7.17、7.24;C/N均降到20以下,分别为16.10、15.67;全磷的变化无明显差异;种子发芽指数分别为92%和85%.添加菌剂组较自然堆肥组铵态氮含量明显降低,硝态氮含量增高.综上所述,接种低温复合菌剂可以在低温下促进堆肥迅速起温,并保证了堆肥的腐熟质量.     

生物修复剂在清除海滩石油污染中的应用

介绍了生物修复石油污染海滩时常用的修复剂类型及其特点.当实验室环境条件能较好控制时,生物强化剂一般是有效的;然而污染现场得出的证据不能表明其对生物降解有促进作用.实验室和现场的研究均表明营养型生物促进剂能有效促进石油的生物降解.水溶性营养易被波浪和潮汐冲刷掉;缓释型营养盐面临的主要挑战是如何控制其释放速率,以保证孔隙水中能较长时间维持理想的营养浓度;亲油型肥料中含有有机碳,有可能在微生物降解石油之前被优先降解.建议根据污染环境的特点选用适合的生物促进剂.     

水溶性巯基壳聚糖对污染土壤吸附态汞的解吸作用研究

用两种巯基化试剂半胱氨酸(Cys)和硫代乙醇酸(Thi)与壳聚糖(CTS)反应,制备了两种水溶性巯基壳聚糖,即Cys-CTS和Thi-CTS,对比研究了这两种巯基壳聚糖与CTS对被染毒土壤中吸附态汞的提取能力.结果表明,Thi-CTS在pH=3、质量浓度为0.5g/L、用量为20 mL的条件下.对汞的提取率为59.44%,相同条件下CTS和cys-CTS对汞的最高提取率只有31.81%和10.15%.     

鸟粪石沉淀法预处理高氨氮废水的镁盐研究

药剂费用一直是限制鸟粪石法处理高氨氮废水实际应用的主要因素。实验采用鸟粪石沉淀法预处理高氨氮废水,以磷酸氢二钠作为磷盐,就不同镁盐对高氨氮废水的处理效果进行了分析比较。实验结果表明,将氯化镁与氧化镁联用作为新型镁盐时,有很大的优势。在n（N）：n（P）：n（Mg）=1：1：1．5,n（MgCl2）：n（MgO）=1：2,反应时间为30min条件下,氨氮的去除率可以达到90％以上,与常规单独采用氯化镁的处理方法相比,镁盐药剂费用可节约2／3以上。     

Integral assessment of estrogenic potentials in sediment-associated samples

Background, aim, and scope  The enzyme-linked receptor assay (ELRA) detects estrogenic and anti-estrogenic effects at the molecular level of receptor binding and is a useful tool for the integrative assessment of ecotoxicological potentials caused by hormonally active agents (HAA) and endocrine disrupting compounds (EDC). The main advantage of the ELRA is its high sample throughput and its robustness against cytotoxicity and microbial contamination. After a methodological adaptation to salinity of the ELRA, according to the first part of this study, which increased its salinity tolerance and sensitivity for 17-β-estradiol, the optimised ELRA was used to investigate 13 native sediments characterised by different levels of salinity and chemical contamination. The applicability of the ELRA for routine analysis in environmental assessment was evaluated. Salinity is often a critical factor for bioassays in ecotoxicological sediment assessment. Therefore, salinity of the samples was additionally adjusted to different levels to characterise its influence on elution and binding processes of receptor-binding substances. Materials and methods  The ELRA was carried out with the human estrogen receptor α (ER) in a 96-well microplate format using the experimental setup known from the competitive immunoassay based on ligand–protein interaction. It is an important improvement that a physiologically relevant receptor was used as a linking protein instead of an antibody. The microplates were coated with a 17-β-estradiol-BSA conjugate, and dilution series of estradiol and of native sediment samples were added and incubated with the ER. After a washing step, a biotinylated mouse anti-ER antibody was added to each well. Receptor binding to estradiol, agonistic and antagonistic receptor binding, were determined by a streptavidin-POD-biotin complex with subsequent measurement of the peroxidase activity at the wavelength of 450 nm using a commercial ELISA multiplate reader. The sediment elutriates and pore water samples of sediments were tested in a dilution series to evaluate at which dilution step the receptor-binding potential ends. In the elution process (see Section 2.1 to 2.2), a method was developed to adjust the salinity to the levels of the reference testings, which offers an appropriate option to adjust the salinity in both directions. Statistical evaluation was made with a combination of the Mann–Whitney U test and the pT-method. Results  This part of the study characterised the environmental factor ‘salinity’ for prospective applications of the ELRA. Using reference substances such as 17-β-estradiol, the ELRA showed sigmoid concentration-effect relations over a broad range from 0.05 μg/l to 100 μg/l under physiological conditions. After methodological optimisation, both sensitivity and tolerance of the assay against salinity could be significantly raised, and the ELRA became applicable under salinity conditions up to concentrations of 20.5‰. The mean relative inter-test error (n = 3) was around 11% with reference substances and below 5% for single sediments elutriates in three replicates each. For sediment testings, the pore water and different salinity-adjusted elutriates of 13 sediments were used. A clear differentiation of the receptor-binding potential could be reached by application of the pT-method. Thereby, pT-values from one to six could be assigned to the sediments, and the deviation caused by the different salinity conditions was one pT-value. The mean standard deviation in the salinity adaptation procedure of the elutriates was below 5%. Discussion  Although the ELRA has already been used for assessments of wastewater, sludge and soil, its applicability for samples to different salinity levels has not been investigated so far. Even if the ELRA is not as sensitive as the E-screen or the YES-assay, with regard to reference substances like 17-β-estradiol, it is a very useful tool for pre-screening, because it is able to integrate both estrogenic as well as anti-estrogenic receptor-binding effects. According to the results of sediment testing, and given the integrative power to detect different directions of effects, the ELRA shows sufficient sensitivity and salinity tolerance to discriminate receptor-binding potentials in environmental samples. Conclusions  The optimised ELRA assay is a fast, cost-effective, reliable and highly reproducible tool that can be used for high-throughput screening in a microplate format in detecting both estrogenic and anti-estrogenic effects. Additionally, the ELRA is robust against microbial contaminations, and is not susceptible towards cytotoxic interferences like the common cell-culture methods. The general applicability and sufficient sensitivity of the ELRA was shown in freshwater environments. Marine and brackish samples can be measured up to salinity levels of 20.5‰. Recommendations and perspectives  In view of the proven sensitivity, functionality and the fastness of the ELRA, it is recommendable to standardise the test method. At the moment, no adequate in vitro test procedure exists which is standardised to DIN or ISO levels. The E-screen and the yeast estrogen/androgen screens (YES/YAS) sometimes underlie strong cytotoxic effects, as reported in the first part of this study. Further development of an ELRA assay using human androgen receptors appears to be very promising to gain information about androgenic and anti-androgenic effects, too. This would offer a possibility to use the ELRA as a fast and reliable pre-screening tool for the detection of endocrine potentials, thus minimising time and cost-expensive animal experiments.