Kitchen waste valorization through a mild-temperature pretreatment to enhance biogas production and fermentability: Kinetics study in mesophilic and thermophilic regimen

Biowaste valorization through anaerobic digestion is an attractive option to achieve both climate protection goals and renewable energy production. In this paper, a complete set of batch trials was carried out on kitchen waste to investigate the effects of mild thermal pretreatment, temperature regimen and substrate/inoculum ratio. Thermal pretreatment was effective in the solubilisation of macromolecular fractions, particularly carbohydrates. The ability of the theoretical methodologies in estimating hydrogen and methane yields of complex substrates was evaluated by comparing the experimental results with the theoretical values. Despite the single batch configuration, a significant initial hydrogen production was observed, prior to methane yield. Main pretreatment effect was the gain in hydrogen production; the extent was highly variable according to the other parameters values. High hydrogen yields, up to 113 mL H2/g VSfed, were related to the prompt transformation of soluble sugars. Thermophilic regimen resulted, as expected, in faster digestions (up to 78 mL CH₄/gVS/day) and sorted out pH inhibition. The relatively low methane yields (342–398 mL CH₄/g VS_fed) were the result of the consistent lignocellulosic content and low lipid content. Thermal pretreatment proved to be a promising option for the enhancement of hydrogen production in food waste dark fermentation.     

钴（Ⅱ）－过氧化氢－苯基荧光酮体系催化光度法测定痕量钴的研究

本文研究了钴（Ⅱ）催化过氧化氢氧化苯基荧光酮的褪色反应，测定了反应级数和表观活化能，建立了测定痕量地的新方法。２５℃时本法检出限为２９×１０－１３ｇ／ｍｌ，线性范围为０．０４～２ｎｇ／１０ｍｌ，催化反应表观活化能为５６．１５ＫＪ／ｍｏｌ。该方法己用于维生素Ｂ１２、人发和茶叶中痕量钴的测定．结果满意，相对标准偏差为２．４～３．４％。     

医疗废物焚烧残余物固化技术初探

根据对医疗废物焚烧残余物中有毒有害物质的化验分析结果,确定焚烧残余物中有毒有害成分含量仍较高,部分指标超出标准值,必须对其进行稳定化/固化处理,避免对土壤及地下水环境造成污染.本文阐述了稳定化/固化处理原理及处理工艺,使医疗废物无害化、减量化和资源化的处理原则得以全面实现.     

甲硫醚废气制取二甲基亚砜技术研究

选择双氧水作氧化剂，将具有恶臭气味的涕灭威生产的副产物甲硫醚氧化成无臭的二甲基亚砜。通过实验，优化了工艺条件，减少了安全隐患，提高了二甲基亚砜的产率，消除了恶臭污染。     

超深厌氧塘的技术特性

超深厌氧塘是一种稳定塘新工艺。与常规厌氧塘相比，具有ＢＯＤ５容积负荷大、占地面积小，受温度影响小的优点。探讨了它的工作机理，本研究确定了负荷、水深和去除率之间的定量关系以供实际应用。     

TVS／TFS去除率在ATAD污泥稳定评价的应用

在ATAD(Autothermal Thermophilic Aerobic Digestion,自升温高温好氧消化)工艺污泥稳定评价中引入TFS．提出“TVS/ TFS去除率”的概念,得出“TVS/TFS去除率”可以代替“VS(g)去除率”而成为一种新的污泥稳定指标的结论;采用数学微分的方法分析了“TVS/TFS去除率”和“VS(g)去除率”的数据误差问题,进泥TS为60g/L,TVS/TS为56％的运行条件下,前者的最大数据误差仅为3．16％,远小于后者的误差最大值15．45％,即引入TFS解决了“VS(g)去除率”数据波动大的问题;TFS的引入还节约了污泥稳定研究所需的时间和工作量。     

工业废石膏在地基加固中的应用

研究和实践表明:工业废石膏与水泥配合加固软土地基,与单用水泥加固相比,加固土强度可以成倍提高。废石膏的最佳掺量一般为水泥用量的20%左右。用废石膏水泥加固时,其水化物不仅有与水泥相同的水化硅酸钙将松散的土粒胶结成整体,而且还产生钙矾石,其晶体膨胀填充孙隙使加固土强度进一步提高。利用废石膏加固地基不会产生二次污染。     

Turnover mechanisms of organic conformation on turbidity in drinking water

The turbidity variation in artificial water and samples from a water plant was investigated in the presence of organics with different relative molecular mass. The results show that recessive turbidity existed when water chemical conditions were changing. The formation of turbidity depended on organic relative molecular mass and their conformations on particles. At higher pH and lower ionic strength, the organic chains with a more extended conformation resulted in rising turbidity of the suspension. At lower pH, the reconformation of organics took place due to charge neutralization by the proton, resulting in a decline in turbidity. The addition of NaCl and MgCl₂ at pH 7.00 also resulted in a decrease of turbidity in the suspension. It is believed that the occurrence of recessive turbidity has a significant influence on the stability of water supply quality.     

Hydrogen storage and distribution systems

Hydrogen storage and transportation or distribution is closely linked together. Hydrogen can be distributed continuously in pipelines or batch wise by ships, trucks, railway or airplanes. All batch transportation requires a storage system but also pipelines can be used as pressure storage system. Hydrogen exhibits the highest heating value per weight of all chemical fuels. Furthermore, hydrogen is regenerative and environment friendly. There are two reasons why hydrogen is not the major fuel of toady’s energy consumption: First of all, hydrogen is just an energy carrier. And, although it is the most abundant element in the universe, it has to be produced, since on earth it only occurs in the form of water. This implies that we have to pay for this energy, which results in a difficult economic task, because since the industrialization we are used to consuming energy for free. The second difficulty with hydrogen as an energy carrier is the low critical temperature of 33 K, i.e. hydrogen is a gas at room temperature. For mobile and in many cases also for stationary applications the volumetric and gravimetric density of hydrogen in a storage system is crucial. Hydrogen can be stored by six different methods and phenomena: high pressure gas cylinders (up to 800 bar), liquid hydrogen in cryogenic tanks (at 21 K), adsorbed hydrogen on materials with a large specific surface area (at T < 100 K), absorbed on interstitial sites in a host metal (at ambient pressure and temperature), chemically bond in covalent and ionic compounds (at ambient pressure), oxidation of reactive metals e.g. Li, Na, Mg, Al, Zn with water. These metals easily react with water to the corresponding hydroxide and liberate the hydrogen from the water. Finally, the metal hydroxides can be thermally reduced to the metals in a solar furnace.     

电化学原位产生H2O2的影响因素分析及数学建模

以Pt为阳极,石墨碳棒为阴极,Na2SO4为支持电解质,实验探讨了电化学原位产生H2O2的规律.通过正交试验,确定阴极溶液初始pH值、电流密度CD、通氧流量Q和支持电解质浓度CNa2SO4等主要参数对H2O2产生量的影响,并提出最佳参数组合:pH=2.00,CD=1.02mA·cm-2,Q=0.4L·min-1,CNa2SO4=0.1 mol·L-1,极间距D=6cm.采用二次多项式逐步回归和BP神经元网络2种方法,建立了这些参数对于H2O2产生量的预测模型,并对模型进行检验.结果表明,2种方法在一定参数条件下都可预测阴极区溶液中H2O2浓度,BP神经元网络法预测的准确度好于二次多项式逐步回归方法,且更适合于在线控制.