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1.
Mehaffey MH Nash MS Wade TG Ebert DW Jones KB Rager A 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2005,107(1-3):29-44
The Catskill/Delaware reservoirs supply 90% of New York City’s drinking water. The City has implemented a series of watershed protection measures, including land acquisition, aimed at preserving water quality in the Catskill/Delaware watersheds. The objective of this study was to examine how relationships between landscape and surface water measurements change between years. Thirty-two drainage areas delineated from surface water sample points (total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and fecal coliform bacteria concentrations) were used in step-wise regression analyses to test landscape and surface-water quality relationships. Two measurements of land use, percent agriculture and percent urban development, were positively related to water quality and consistently present in all regression models. Together these two land uses explained 25 to 75% of the regression model variation. However, the contribution of agriculture to water quality condition showed a decreasing trend with time as overall agricultural land cover decreased. Results from this study demonstrate that relationships between land cover and surface water concentrations of total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and fecal coliform bacteria counts over a large area can be evaluated using a relatively simple geographic information system method. Land managers may find this method useful for targeting resources in relation to a particular water quality concern, focusing best management efforts, and maximizing benefits to water quality with minimal costs.The United States Environmental Protection Agency through its Office of Research and Development funded and managed the research described here. It has been subjected to Agency’s administrative review and approved for publication as an EPA document. 相似文献
2.
The relationship between tourism development and vegetated landscapes is analyzed for the Luya Mountain Nature Reserve (LMNR),
Shanxi, China, in this study. Indices such as Sensitive Level (SL), Landscape Importance Value (LIV), information index of
biodiversity (H’), Shade-tolerant Species Proportion (SSP), and Tourism Influencing Index (TII) are used to characterize vegetated
landscapes, the impact of tourism, and their relationship. Their relationship is studied by Two-Way Indicator Species Analysis
(TWINSPAN) and Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA). TWINSPAN gives correct and rapid partition to the classification,
and DCA ordination shows the changing tendency of all vegetation types based on tourism development. These results reflect
the ecological relationship between tourism development and vegetated landscapes. In Luya Mountain Nature Reserve, most plant
communities are in good or medium condition, which shows that these vegetated landscapes can support more tourism. However,
the occurrence of the bad condition shows that there is a severe contradiction between tourism development and vegetated landscapes. 相似文献
3.
Miguel Delibes-Mateos Miguel ángel Farfán Jesús Olivero Ana Luz Márquez Juan Mario Vargas 《Environmental management》2009,43(6):1256-1268
Agricultural change has transformed large areas of traditional farming landscapes, leading to important changes in the species
community assemblages in most European countries. We suspect that the drastic changes in land-use that have occurred in Andalusia
(southern Spain) over recent decades, may have affected the distribution and abundance of game species in this region. This
article compares the distribution of the main game species in Andalusia during the 1960s and 1990s, using data from maps available
from the Mainland Spanish Fish, Game and National Parks Service and from recent datasets on hunting yield distributions, respectively.
Big-game and small-game species were significantly segregated in southern Spain during the 1990s, as two clearly independent
chorotypes (groups of species whose abundances are similarly distributed) were obtained from the classification analysis.
In contrast, big-game and small-game species were not significantly segregated several decades ago, when there was only one
chorotype consisting of small-game species and wild boar. The other three ungulates did not constitute a significant chorotype,
as they showed positive correlations with some species in the group mentioned above. These changes seem to be a consequence
of the transformations that have occurred in the Iberian Mediterranean landscape over the last few decades. The abandoning
of traditional activities, and the consequent formation of dense scrubland and woodland, has led to an expansion of big-game
species, and a decrease of small-game species in mountain areas. Moreover, agricultural intensification has apparently depleted
small-game species populations in some agricultural areas. On the other hand, the increasingly intensive hunting management
could be artificially boosting this segregation between small-game and big-game species. Our results suggest that the conservation
and regeneration of traditional agricultural landscapes (like those predominating in the 1960s) should be a priority for the
conservation of small-game species. 相似文献
4.
Urban farming – a type of urban agriculture focused on entrepreneurial food production – serves multiple functions in neighbourhoods; yet these are not well delineated. Expectations for urban farming often centre on traditional measures of economic development, potentially overlooking other benefits. Through a qualitative case study conducted in Baltimore, Maryland, we sought to understand community perceptions regarding the ways in which urban farms can benefit cities. Interviews with residents, neighbourhood leaders, and urban farmers in three residential neighbourhoods with urban farms revealed the pathways by which community members view farms as improving neighbourhoods. Benefits stemmed from four primary changes urban farms made to study neighbourhoods: creation of public projects welcoming involvement, physical improvement of degraded space, production of local food, and creation of new businesses. These changes led to multiple perceived benefits including increased social connectedness, a transformed physical landscape, improved neighbourhood reputation, increased access to fresh produce, and educational, youth development, and employment opportunities. Our findings demonstrate the importance of a multifunctional paradigm that accounts for social and educational functions in assessing the value of urban farming and bring empirical evidence to the concept of multifunctional agriculture. Urban farms with strong social aims may appear to contribute little to economic development if measured using traditional indicators of success such as job creation or fiscal impacts, but provide numerous other benefits for community development. 相似文献
5.
6.
四川省彭县银厂沟峡谷全长21公里,峡谷和原始森林保存完整。时隐时现的“彩虹”出现于峡谷两岸的瀑布上。区内自然景观丰富多彩。本文根据旅游地质调查工作成果,对自然景观的成因作了初步探讨。 相似文献
7.
Ramiz M. Mamedov Boyukagha N. Mustafayev 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2007,9(2):131-142
In order to determine the potential for sustainable regional development of the Caspian coastal zone, a study was made for
the Khachmaz–Absheron zone of Azerbaijan. An evaluation was performed to assess the anthropogenic load on landscapes. Using
the 8-point scale offered by Isachenko [2001, Ecological Geography of Russia, Saint Petersburg University Press, Saint Petersburg]
for the indicators of agricultural, industrial, urban and integral anthropogenic loads, we did a preliminary ranking of the
provinces in the Khachmaz–Absheron zone of Azerbaijan for the each indicator taken separately. Vital statistics were used
as a supplementary indicator of environmental conditions in the region. By comparing the data for provinces with each other
and the data on Azerbaijan average, we have classified the provinces into 4 groups according to specific combinations of the
indicators. Each group of provinces has distinctive environmental conditions and features for sustainable development. The
classification makes it possible to develop certain recommendations for the regional sustainable development. Measures to
be implemented within the Azerbaijan State Program on Social and Economic Development of Regions are also discussed. In the
Khachmaz province, production of ecologically pure products is highly recommended. Special attention should be given to the
development of tourism and recreational institutions in the Khachmaz, Khizi and Devechi provinces. Recommendations for these
provinces include further development of industry on the basis of modern safe technologies. The irrigation and drainage networks
should be reconstructed. The reconstruction will make it possible to reduce water loss and to increase the productivity of
agriculture. In the Absheron province, Baku and Sumgait cities environmental systems are overloaded, and so the works at highly
polluting enterprises must be stopped, the enterprises have to be re-equipped (old filters must be changed first of all) or
relocated from the area (a decrease of environmental risk should be in the focus of attention). For improving of air quality,
green areas should increase. There is a need to reduce urban traffic density and to reconstruct highways. Use of old vehicles
must be forbidden or restricted, and transition to environmentally friendly fuel should be supported in every way possible.
It is necessary to bring the waste management system and sanitary landfills up to international standards, and to improve
the water supply and sewerage systems. 相似文献
8.
Eleanor J. Blitzer Carsten F. DormannTatyana A. Rand Teja Tscharntke 《Agriculture, ecosystems & environment》2012,146(1):34-43
Land-use intensification has led to a landscape mosaic that juxtaposes human-managed and natural areas. In such human-dominated and heterogeneous landscapes, spillover across habitat types, especially in systems that differ in resource availability, may be an important ecological process structuring communities. While there is much evidence for spillover from natural habitats to managed areas, little attention has been given to flow in the opposite direction. This paper synthesizes studies published to date from five functionally important trophic groups, herbivores, pathogens, pollinators, predators, and seed dispersers, and discusses evidence for spillover from managed to natural systems in all five groups. For each of the five focal groups, studies in the natural to managed direction are common, often with multiple review articles on each subject which document dozens of examples. In contrast, the number of studies which examine movement in the managed to natural direction is generally less than five studies per trophic group. These findings suggest that spillover in the managed to natural direction has been largely underestimated. As habitat modification continues, resulting in increasingly fragmented landscapes, the likelihood and size of any spillover effect will only increase. 相似文献
9.
Russian Journal of Ecology - 相似文献
10.
Effects of land use,cover, and protection on stream and riparian ecosystem services and biodiversity
Protected areas are an important part of broader landscapes that are often used to preserve biodiversity or natural features. Some argue that protected areas may also help ensure provision of ecosystem services. However, the effect of protection on ecosystem services and whether protection affects the provision of ecosystem services is known only for a few services in a few types of landscapes. We sought to fill this gap by investigating the effect of watershed protection status and land use and land cover on biodiversity and the provision of ecosystem services. We compared the ecosystem services provided in and around streams in 4 watershed types: International Union for Conservation of Nature category II protected forests, unprotected forests, unprotected forests with recent timber harvesting, and unprotected areas with agriculture. We surveyed 28 streams distributed across these watershed types in Quebec, Canada, to quantify provisioning of clean water, carbon storage, recreation, wild foods, habitat quality, and terrestrial and aquatic biodiversity richness and abundance. The quantity and quality of ecosystem services and biodiversity were generally higher in sites with intact forest—whether protected or not—relative to those embedded in production landscapes with forestry or agriculture. Clean-water provision, carbon storage, habitat quality, and tree diversity were significantly higher in and around streams surrounded by forest. Recreation, wild foods, and aquatic biodiversity did not vary among watershed types. Although some services can be provided by both protected and unprotected areas, protection status may help secure the continued supply of services sensitive to changes in land use or land cover. Our findings provide needed information about the ecosystem service and biodiversity trade-offs and synergies that result from developing a watershed or from protecting it. 相似文献