Isotope tracing of submarine groundwater discharge offshore Ubatuba, Brazil: results of the IAEA–UNESCO SGD project

Results of groundwater and seawater analyses for radioactive (³H, ²²²Rn, ²²³Ra, ²²⁴Ra, ²²⁶Ra, and ²²⁸Ra) and stable (D and ¹⁸O) isotopes are presented together with in situ spatial mapping and time series ²²²Rn measurements in seawater, direct seepage measurements using manual and automated seepage meters, pore water investigations using different tracers and piezometric techniques, and geoelectric surveys probing the coast. This study represents first time that such a new complex arsenal of radioactive and non-radioactive tracer techniques and geophysical methods have been used for simultaneous submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) investigations. Large fluctuations of SGD fluxes were observed at sites situated only a few meters apart (from 0 cm d⁻¹ to 360 cm d⁻¹; the unit represents cm³/cm²/day), as well as during a few hours (from 0 cm d⁻¹ to 110 cm d⁻¹), strongly depending on the tidal fluctuations. The average SGD flux estimated from continuous ²²²Rn measurements is 17 ± 10 cm d⁻¹. Integrated coastal SGD flux estimated for the Ubatuba coast using radium isotopes is about 7 × 10³ m³ d⁻¹ per km of the coast. The isotopic composition (δD and δ¹⁸O) of submarine waters was characterised by significant variability and heavy isotope enrichment, indicating that the contribution of groundwater in submarine waters varied from a small percentage to 20%. However, this contribution with increasing offshore distance became negligible. Automated seepage meters and time series measurements of ²²²Rn activity concentration showed a negative correlation between the SGD rates and tidal stage. This is likely caused by sea level changes as tidal effects induce variations of hydraulic gradients. The geoelectric probing and piezometric measurements contributed to better understanding of the spatial distribution of different water masses present along the coast. The radium isotope data showed scattered distributions with offshore distance, which imply that seawater in a complex coast with many small bays and islands was influenced by local currents and groundwater/seawater mixing. This has also been confirmed by a relatively short residence time of 1–2 weeks for water within 25 km offshore, as obtained by short-lived radium isotopes. The irregular distribution of SGD seen at Ubatuba is a characteristic of fractured rock aquifers, fed by coastal groundwater and recirculated seawater with small admixtures of groundwater, which is of potential environmental concern and has implications on the management of freshwater resources in the region.     

节水灌溉措施下湘东北丘陵林-稻汇水区复合系统铅的迁移

铅通过食物链的迁移和积累对人类健康的毒害作用日益为社会所重视,而水稻是人类铅摄入的主要途径之一,因此,对稻田土壤铅的迁入途径及其过程特征的研究十分必要.为了探明湖南地区远离城镇、工矿区的丘陵稻区铅的输入、迁移、滞留机制,选择位于湘东北地域的汩罗市桃林林场的林地-山塘-稻田汇水区系统作为研究对象,在水稻大田生长期间,原位研究其大气沉降、岗地径流、山塘水、稻田水、水稻生长等过程的铅通量.结果表明：①输入系统的铅源是大气沉降,其中,在水稻生育前期通过东南季风输入的区域外源铅占90%;②山塘是大气沉降铅的主要集纳地貌单元,存留了大气沉降输入岗地和山塘总铅的66%;③林-稻汇水区系统岗地铅净留存28.8~57.7 g·hm^-2,山塘铅净留存604.3~961.9 g·hm^-2,稻田铅净留存89.6~90.9 g·hm^-2;而对照系统岗地铅净输出173.3 g·hm^-2,山塘净留存3427.6 g·hm^-2,稻田净留存87.1 g·hm^-2;④岗地和山塘对铅的截留量能够互补;⑤从岗地通过径流-山塘水过程迁移到稻田的大分子有机物能够增强稻田对铅的截留.综上所述,丘陵林-稻汇水区系统中铅的循环与大气沉降有关,系统内岗地森林类型、郁闭度、降水产流及泥沙、有机物的输出都会影响铅在系统中的迁移和分配.     

东平湖DOM荧光特征及与氢氧同位素指标的相关性

本研究在运用三维荧光光谱示踪平水期东平湖DOM荧光特征的基础上,进一步分析其与氢氧同位素指标的相关性,并在此基础上尝试对大气降水的DOC贡献进行估算,以期为东平湖的污染控制及治理提供依据.结果表明,东平湖平水期DOM主要由类蛋白组分（C1和C4）和类腐殖质组分（C2和C3）构成,以类酪氨酸组分C1为主,C1所占比重将近50%.平水期东平湖DOM同时受陆源、内源及大气降水的影响,但以内源输入为主;外源输入中大气降水补给与大汶河输入所占比例相当;大气降水中的溶解性有机碳输入可能会对东平湖DOM产生不可忽视的影响,需进一步系统研究.氢氧稳定同位素与溶解态有机碳以及类腐殖质荧光之间呈显著相关关系,可以在一定程度上指示DOM的变化趋势.     

腕足类生物壳体在沉积、成岩过程中同位素平衡问题研究

综合分析了现代腕足类生物壳体方解石中的C、O同位素特征，以及有关古生代腕足类生物壳体方解石构造和地球化学研究成果，分析结果证明：只有那些无发光性特点、无胶结和溶蚀构造特点、有较好纤维构造特点、含高Sr、Na和低Mn、Fe（Mg）的第二层腕足类生物壳体方解石的δ18O值不受成岩作用影响；而原始层和壳体中的特殊部位如铰合轴、腕骨、茎孔、交互面、肌痕等在沉积、成岩过程中与海水处于非同位素平衡状态。     

N_2O的氮、氧稳定同位素真空制样系统探讨

氮、氧稳定同位素指标在N2 O源汇识别、全球源汇质量估算中具有独特的定量作用。本文主要讨论N2 O的氮、氧稳定同位素真空制样系统的基本原理、总体设计和技术难点 ,为建立N2 O氮、氧稳定同位素真空制样系统提供理论基础。     

处理含锌铅钢铁厂粉尘的Inmetco工艺

Ｉｎｍｅｔｃｏ工艺是处理含锌铅钢铁厂粉尘的重要方法。本文在实验的基础上，对该工艺处理我国含锌铅钢铁厂粉尘的可行性和合理性作了论述。     

煤热解过程中无机有害元素的变迁规律

在自行设计的加压密闭快速热解反应器中研究了神华和义马煤中Na、K、Pb和Mn等无机有害元素在氮气条件下随温度（300℃-700℃)的变化规律,进一步考察了热解气氛（氮气、氢气和二氧化碳）、压力对神华煤中这4种元素逸出规律的影响。结果表明：Na、K、Pb和Mn等元素在半焦中的残留量随温度的升高而减少,减少量随煤种而异,如在700℃时,神华煤中Na、K、Pb和Mn的析出率分别是义马煤的3、4．2、1．4和2．4倍;低压快速加氢热解有利于这4种元素的逸出。Pb是挥发性最强的元素,与热力学计算结果一致。     

ECOSYSTEM DYNAMICS AND POLLUTION EFFECTS IN AN OZARK CAVE STREAM1

ABSTRACT: Subterranean ecosystems harbor globally rare fauna and important water resources, but ecological processes are poorly understood and are threatened by anthropogenic stresses. Ecosystem analyses were conducted from 1997 to 2000 in Cave Springs Cave, Arkansas, situated in a region of intensive land use, to determine the degree of habitat degradation and viability of endangered fauna. Organic matter budgeting quantified energy flux and documented the dominant input as dissolved organic matter and not gray bat guano (Myotis grisescens). Carbon/nitrogen stable isotope analyses described a trophic web of Ozark cavefish (Amblyopsis rosae) that primarily consumed cave isopods (Caecidotea stiladactyla), which in turn appeared to consume benthic matter originating from a complex mixture of soil, leaf litter, and anthropogenic wastes. Septic leachate, sewage sludge, and cow manure were suspected to augment the food web and were implicated in environmental degradation. Water, sediment, and animal tissue analyses detected excess nutrients, fecal bacteria, and toxic concentrations of metals. Community assemblage may have been altered: sensitive species‐grotto salamanders (Typhlotriton spelaeus) and stygobro‐mid amphipods—were not detected, while more resilient isopods flourished. Reduction of septic and agricultural waste inputs may be necessary to restore ecosystem dynamics in this cave ecosystem to its former undisturbed condition.     

磁性PEI功能化秸秆的制备及对Pb (Ⅱ)的吸附

为获得同时具有优良的吸附性能和磁分离特性的生物吸附材料,以汽爆秸秆为基质,采用戊二醛交联剂法制备了磁性聚乙烯亚胺功能化秸秆吸附剂（Fe₃O₄-PEI-RS）,通过SEM、XRD、FTIR、XPS和VSM等手段表征了材料的结构和性质,测定了Pb（Ⅱ）在Fe₃O₄-PEI-RS上的吸附性能,考察了pH、吸附时间、吸附剂投加量、Pb（Ⅱ）初始浓度、温度等因素对吸附的影响.结果表明,Fe₃O₄-PEI-RS对Pb（Ⅱ）的吸附具有强烈的pH依赖性;吸附时间对Pb（Ⅱ）的吸附效率有明显的影响,在180 min时吸附达到平衡,吸附过程符合准二级动力学模型;Langmuir和Freundlich模型都能很好地描述Pb（Ⅱ）在Fe₃O₄-PEI-RS上的吸附行为,20、30和40℃时最大吸附量分别为192.31、200.00和212.77 mg/g;热力学参数△G < 0,而焓变△H>0、△S>0,说明该吸附属于熵增加的自发吸热反应过程,升温有利于吸附.重复试验表明,EDTA作解吸剂,经5次吸附/解吸附循环后吸附剂仍能保持较高的吸附容量.研究显示,所制Fe₃O₄-PEI-RS对Pb（Ⅱ）具有较高的吸附容量,稳定性好、可循环利用,能在磁场下实现快速分离.      

镧-铅复合污染下AM真菌对玉米生长和镧、铅吸收的影响

采用温室盆栽试验的方法,模拟不同程度的镧-铅复合污染土壤(50、200、800 mg·kg~(-1)),研究接种丛枝菌根(arbuscular mycorrhizal,AM)、真菌Claroideoglomus etunicatum(CE)和Rhizophagus intraradices(RI)对玉米(Zea mays L.)菌根侵染率、生物量、矿质营养元素吸收、C∶N∶P生态化学计量比、稀土镧(La)和重金属铅(Pb)吸收、转运的影响,旨在为稀土-重金属复合污染土壤的治理和修复提供科学依据.结果表明,AM真菌CE和RI均与玉米建立了共生关系,平均菌根侵染率为26.7%~95.8%;随着La-Pb复合污染含量的增加,玉米植株菌根侵染率、地上部和根部生物量以及N、P、K、Ca、Mg这5种矿质营养元素含量显著降低,而玉米植株C∶P和N∶P以及地上部和根部La、Pb含量显著增加.接种2种AM真菌使玉米植株生物量显著提高了17.8%~158.9%,地上部和根部P含量显著提高了24.5%~153.8%,降低了C∶P和N∶P,符合生长速率假设.在3种程度La-Pb复合污染含量土壤上,AM真菌使玉米植株根部Pb含量显著增加了51.3%~67.7%,地上部Pb含量显著降低了16.0%~67.7%,Pb从玉米根部向地上部的转运率降低了31.5%~54.7%;同时,接种AM真菌显著增加了轻度LaPb复合污染土壤上玉米植株的La含量,在中度La-Pb复合污染土壤上却显著减少了玉米地上部的La含量,增加了玉米根部的La含量,抑制了La从根部向地上部的转运,重度La-Pb复合污染土壤上均没有显著影响.试验结果初步证明,AM真菌具有促进稀土-重金属复合污染土壤植物修复的潜力,对于稀土-重金属复合污染土壤生态系统的植被恢复具有潜在应用价值.