Bacterial degradation of monocrotophos and phyto- and cyto-toxicological evaluation of metabolites

The bacterium Serratia marsescens strain JAS16 was isolated from agricultural soil which had prior exposure to monocrotophos for three years. The strain JAS16 tolerated up to 1200 mg L^–1 monocrotophos and degraded the insecticide (1000 mg L^–1) at a degradation rate constant of 136 d^?1 (DT₅₀ = 3.7 d). In soil, the degradation rate constant was 105 d^?1 (DT₅₀ = 4.8 d). A schematic pathway is being proposed from the degraded products derived from gas chromatography--mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The phytotoxicity of degradation products to Vigna radiata, Vigna unguiculata, and Macrotyloma uniflorum and the genotoxicity to Allium cepa roots were found to be low. A cost-effective powder-based formulation was achieved with the isolate. The isolate remained viable during the storage and also multiplied with a higher colony forming units (CFU) load g^–1 for over a period of seven weeks of storage.     

Indigenous bacteria may interfere with the biocontrol of plant diseases

Prodigiosin is a reddish antibiotic pigment that plays an important role in the biocontrol of plant diseases by the bacterium Serratia marcescens. However, its activity is unstable under agricultural conditions; further, it can be degraded by various environmental factors. To examine the effect of epiphytic microbes on the stability of prodigiosin used for biological control processes, we collected a total of 1,280 bacterial isolates from the phylloplane of cyclamen and tomato plants. Approximately 72% of the bacterial strains isolated from the cyclamen plants and 66% of those isolated from the tomato plants grew on minimal agar medium containing 100 μg ml⁻¹ prodigiosin. Certain isolates obtained from both plant species exhibited prodigiosin-degrading activity. We compared the 16S rRNA gene sequences derived from the isolates with sequences in a database. The comparison revealed that the sequences determined for the prodigiosin-degrading isolates were homologous to those of the genera Pseudomonas, Caulobacter, Rhizobium, Sphingomonas, Janthinobacterium, Novosphingobium, and Rathayibacter. These results indicate that indigenous epiphytic microorganisms may interfere with the interaction between plant pathogens and biocontrol agents by degrading the antibiotics produced by the agents.     

Biodegradation of nicosulfuron by the bacterium Serratia marcescens N80

By enrichment culturing of the sludge collected from the industrial wastewater treatment pond, we isolated a highly efficient nicosulfuron degrading bacterium Serratia marcescens N80. In liquid medium, Serratia marcescens N80 grows using nicosulfuron as the sole nitrogen source, and the optimal temperature, pH values, and inoculation for degradation are 30–35°C, 6.0–7.0, and 3.0% (v/v), respectively. With the initial concentration of 10 mg L^?1, the degradation rate is 93.6% in 96 hours; as the initial concentrations are higher than 10 mg L^?1, the biodegradation rates decrease as the nicosulfuron concentrations increase; when the concentration is 400 mg L^?1, the degradation rate is only 53.1%. Degradation follows the pesticide degradation kinetic equation at concentrations between 5 mg L^?1 and 50 mg L^?1. Identification of the metabolites by the liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) indicates that the degradation of nicosulfuron is achieved by breaking the sulfonylurea bridge. The strain N80 also degraded some other sulfonylurea herbicides, including ethametsulfuron, tribenuron-methyl, metsulfuron-methyl, chlorimuron-ethyl,and rimsulfuron.     

沙雷氏菌发酵蓝藻生产蛋白酶

以富含蛋白质的蓝藻作有机氮源进行微生物发酵生产蛋白酶,为蓝藻的资源化利用提供一条新途径。采用单因素实验,研究了影响沙雷氏菌发酵蓝藻生产蛋白酶的培养基主要成分。结果发现,在实验范围内,沙雷氏菌发酵蓝藻生产蛋白酶的最佳碳源是蔗糖,最佳速效氮源是尿素,最佳金属离子(盐)是ZnSO4,最佳产酶促进剂是吐温80。在单因素实验中,发酵上清液的蛋白酶活最高可达到941 U/mL,而且发酵周期短,发酵培养18 h即可达到最高酶(活)值。     

Chromate reduction by Serratia marcescens immobilized on activated carbon

Serratia marcescens, isolated from tannery effluents, was resistant to chromate (0.5 mM) under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. A stable biofilm was developed, using activated carbon as a support. Extracellular precipitate suggests that insoluble chromium hydroxide was formed. The strain showed an enhanced cell growth in an aerobic culture medium, although under anaerobic conditions chromate reduction was carried out more efficiently. About 95% of chromate was reduced in 4 days.     

Isolation and application of an ibuprofen-degrading bacterium to a biological aerated filter for the treatment of micro-polluted water

Ibuprofen (IBU) is widely used in the world as anti-inflammatory drug, which posed health risk to the environment. A bacterium capable of degrading IBU was isolated from activated sludge in a sewage treatment plant. According to its morphological, physiologic, and biochemical characteristics, as well as 16S rRNA sequence analysis, the strain was identified as Serratia marcescens BL1 (BL1). Degradation of IBU required the presence of primary substrate. After a five-day cultivation with yeast powder at 30°C and pH 7, the highest degradation (93.47%±2.37%) was achieved. The process of BL1 degrading IBU followed first-order reaction kinetics. The BL1 strain was applied to a small biological aerated filter (BAF) device to form a biofilm with activated sludge. IBU removal by the BAF was consistent with the results of static tests. The removal of IBU was 32.01% to 44.04% higher than for a BAF without BL1. The indigenous bacterial community was able to effectively remove COD_Mn (permanganate index) and ammonia nitrogen in the presence of BL1.

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产生物表面活性剂耐盐菌的筛选鉴定及其对石油污染盐渍化土壤的修复作用

为得到高效产生物表面活性剂耐盐菌,从黄河三角洲石油污染盐渍化土壤中分离出41株细菌,经测定发酵液排油活性、表面张力和乳化值（EI24）,得到1株高效产生物表面活性剂耐盐菌BF40.通过形态、生理生化特征和16S rDNA序列分析,确定该菌为沙雷氏菌（Serratia sp.）.通过液体培养试验,研究了BF40的耐盐特性和降解原油能力,并通过室内土壤培养试验研究了BF40及其产生的生物表面活性剂对石油污染盐渍化土壤的修复作用.结果表明,在含5~70 g·L^-1NaCl液体培养基中BF40生长良好,属中度耐盐菌.BF40能有效利用原油,在含10 g·L^-1NaCl液体培养基中培养7d,原油降解率达到56.7%.添加BF40产生的生物表面活性剂或接入BF40能明显促进盐渍化土壤石油烃的降解,修复60 d,土壤石油去除率与对照相比分别提高了24.6%和13.4%.接种BF40能降低土壤溶液表面张力,明显提高土壤脱氢酶活性,更能有效促进沥青质降解.添加生物表面活性剂土壤脱氢酶活性与对照相比没有显著差异,但更能有效降低土壤溶液表面张力,促进饱和烃降解,表明接种BF40和添加生物表面活性剂可能对促进石油污染盐渍化土壤的生物修复存在不同作用机制.     

砜嘧磺隆降解菌的分离及特性研究

为了进行砜嘧磺隆污染的生物修复,从农药厂废水排放口的污泥中,通过富集培养和平板稀释法,分离筛选出一株具有较强降解砜嘧磺隆特性的菌株N2.通过形态观察及生理生化试验对其进行鉴定,同时对其性质进行了初步研究.结果表明,该菌株为沙雷氏菌属(Serratia marcecens);该菌株降解砜嘧磺隆的最适温度为30～35 ℃,最适pH值为6.0,适宜接种量(预培养24 h,离心后用缓冲液洗涤的菌种OD_600值为0.897)为1.0%(V/V),在72 h内对20 mg/L的砜嘧磺隆降解率为93.71%;随砜嘧磺隆质量浓度升高,降解率下降.研究表明该菌株有很好的实际应用价值.     

混合菌株对三溴苯酚的降解特性

为提高有害物质2,4,6-三溴苯酚（TBP）的有效生物降解效果,在比较了不同菌株对TBP的降解状况的基础上,着重考察了诱变菌株TBPY UMP-f与粘质沙雷氏菌株SMA混合降解TBP的效果.结果表明,混合菌株比单一菌株降解效果好.考察影响混合降解相关因素的结果表明,适宜条件为两菌接种比例1∶1,SMA适于在TBPY U...     

Degradation of 4-aminophenol by hydrogen peroxide oxidation using enzyme from Serratia marcescens as catalyst

This paper reports on the degradation of 4-aminophenol using hydrogen peroxide as oxidizer and the enzyme from Serratia marcescens AB 90027 as catalyst. The effecting factors during degradation and the degrading mechanism were studied. Also, the location of the enzyme in the cell, which could catalyze the degradation of 4-aminophenol, was analyzed. The results showed that to degrade 50 mL of 4-aminophenol whose concentration was 500 mg/L, the optimal conditions were: volume of H₂O₂ = 3 mL, temperature = 40–60°C and pH = 9–10. In the degradation process, 4-aminophenol was first converted to benzoquinone and NH₃, then organic acids including maleic acid, fumaleic acid, and oxalic acid were formed, and then finally CO₂ and H₂O were generated as final products. The enzyme that could catalyze the degradation of 4-aminophenol was mainly extracellular enzyme. Translated from Environmental Chemistry, 2006, 25(2): 141–144 [译自: 环境化学]