Studies on the use of power ultrasound in solid–liquid myrobalan extraction process

Focus on eco-friendly processing techniques makes vegetable tanning a viable option in leather processing and establishes the subsequent need for the more efficient methods of extraction in tannin manufacture. Application of ultrasound has been tried in the extraction of tannins from myrobalan nuts in order to improve the extraction efficiency, to perform the extraction under milder process conditions and to reduce the process time. The influence of process parameters such as ultrasonic output power, time and temperature has been studied. Scale-up trials and the use of ultrasound in pulse mode have also been attempted. The results show that a three- to fivefold improvement is possible with ultrasonic output from 20 to 100 W. Extraction efficiency has been calculated from the maximum extractable materials from myrobalan nuts. Extraction efficiency is found to be 90% for ultrasound, 100 W without external heating as compared to 77% for control process at 70 °C for 4 h. Therefore, ultrasound could be employed even dispensing with provision for temperature controls. The use of ultrasound in pulse mode offered 70% extraction efficiency of continuous mode. Scale-up trials indicate that there exists an optimum ultrasonic output power depending on the amount of nuts used, to achieve better extraction efficiency. The effectiveness of ultrasonically extracted tannin solution has also been tested in the tanning process for its applicability. The degree of tanning efficacy has been assessed by shrinkage temperature measurement. The results indicate that ultrasonically extracted tannin solution is suitable for tanning process. Therefore, application of ultrasound in tannin extract manufacture is a viable option with added advantages.     

回收电镀废液制取鞣革剂方法的研究

在高浓度的含铬、铜电镀废液中加入亚硫酸钠还原Cr6+为Cr3 +;再加入硫化钠去除铜 ;然后加入氢氧化钠调节pH值使Cr3 +生成氢氧化铬沉淀 ;最后加入一定量硫酸溶解氢氧化铬制成鞣革剂———碱式硫酸铬 ,且出水水质达到国家工业废水排放标准     

硼泥复合混凝剂处理制革废水的研究

采用硼泥复合混凝剂 (PSC)对制革废水进行处理 .实验结果表明 :当PSC用量为 2～ 3g/L ,pH为 7.0左右 ,快搅 1～ 2min,慢搅 1 2～ 1 6min ,静置 2 5min后 ,COD去除率达 80 % ;加入硫酸亚铁进一步处理 ,可使COD去除率达 91 %以上 ,浊度去除率 99%以上 .该方法具有混凝剂用量少、工艺简单、絮体沉降快、成本低廉、效率高等优点 .     

Minimization of the environmental impact of chrome tanning: a new process with high chrome exhaustion

In all tanning technology operations wastes are generated. These reach the environment as residual waters, solid and liquid waste as well as atmospheric emissions and odours.

This study tests an alternative method to the traditional tanning method at an industrial level. The new method is based on tanning without float and by significantly increasing the temperature at the end of the tanning process. The properties of the leathers obtained using the two methods have been compared and the results indicate that those leathers have similar physical, chemical, and organoleptic properties. However, the differences existing from the environmental point of view are significant. It is not necessary to use clean water for this tanning. Moreover, there is a 75% reduction of the residual float, a 91% reduction of the chrome discharged, and a 94% reduction of the chlorides discharged. A financial assessment was carried out to demonstrate that the newly proposed system is 32% more economic than the traditional one.     

皮革厂固体废弃物处理的进展

综述了国内外有关皮革厂固体废弃物处理的实验研究和工业化实施的最新进展,并展示了今后的发展方向。     

我国制革工业废水处理技术评述

本文分析总结了我国制革废水的现状的新的处理工艺,并提出了一些建议。     

A potential new commercial method for processing leather to reduce environmental impact

INTRODUCTION: Current leather processing method involves dehairing and fibre opening employing lime and sulphide, which results in higher negative impact on the environment due to its uncleanness. This method of dehairing and fibre-opening process accounts for nearly 70-80% biochemical oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand (COD) in tannery wastewater and also the generation of H(2)S gas. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Hence, an attempt has been made to reduce the environmental impact of the leather processing through a biochemical approach, employing proteolytic enzyme and sodium metasilicate for performing the above process more cleanly. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The developed process exhibits significant reduction in environmental parametres such as COD and total solid loads by 55% and 25%, respectively. This method completely avoids the formation of lime sludge. CONCLUSION: The functional properties of the leathers are also on par with conventionally processed leathers. Further, the process seems to be commercially viable.     

制革(羊皮)行业污染最小化技术

本技术包括污水回用，酶法脱毛替代传统灰浆脱毛，烧碱浸碱替代石灰硫化钠浸碱，碱法回收废铬液及混合脂肪酸法回收回软工段油脂等五个技术要素。前四个技术要素互为协高、互为关联，构成Ａ技术单元。混合脂肪酸 法回收油脂单独构成Ｂ技术单元。