Game theory approach to optimal capital cost allocation in pollution control

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C/N比和曝气量影响MBR同步硝化反硝化的研究

通过连续运行MBR研究了C/N比和曝气量对同步硝化反硝化的影响,结果表明,在环境温度13～23℃,MLSS为6.0～6.8 g/L,进水NH⁺₄-N浓度50 mg/L,曝气量0.5 m³/h,HRT为6 h实验条件下,总氮去除率随着进水C/N比的增加而增加,在C/N比为6∶1～8∶1时,TN去除率达到79%～89%,低的C/N比抑制反硝化,过高的C/N比增加了碳源补加的成本。改变反应曝气量,当C/N比为6∶1,曝气量为0.4 m³/h时,TN的去除率达到了最大值85%。曝气量过高或过低,TN去除率均下降。并对在不同曝气量下MBR 内的DO 值分布进行了初步研究。     

洞庭湖平原典型水稻土氮素固持动态及氮的残留形态

以洞庭湖平原2个典型水稻土（红黄泥和紫潮泥）为对象,采用¹⁵N示踪技术,研究了淹水培养条件下稻草+硫铵配施（S+¹⁵NA）和单施硫铵（¹⁵NA）土壤微生物和粘土矿物对化肥氮的固定与释放及氮的残留形态.结果表明,淹水培养条件下B_N（SMBN）总体变化趋势是在培养前期达到峰值,而后逐渐下降,最后趋于稳定.固定态铵在整个试验期间变化相对较小,但也随培养时间的延长而减少.淹水培养条件下, B_N 以原有B_N为主.标记底物B_N的比例红黄泥为0.30%～6.67%;紫潮泥为1.00%～3.47%.微生物同化的标记底物硫铵氮的比例红黄泥为0.15%～20.65%,紫潮泥为2.06%～15.93%;有机无机配施处理(S+¹⁵NA)均大于单施化肥(¹⁵NA),红黄泥S+¹⁵NA处理平均为6.78%,高于红黄泥¹⁵NA处理;紫潮泥S+¹⁵NA处理（10.78%）也高于紫潮泥¹⁵NA处理.粘土矿物对标记底物氮的固定率,红黄泥为2.48%～10.57%,紫潮泥为12.55%～30.04%.红黄泥S+¹⁵NA处理平均为7.14%,低于红黄泥¹⁵NA 处理;紫潮泥S+¹⁵NA处理（21.53%）也低于紫潮泥¹⁵NA处理.淹水培养条件下底物硫铵氮的残留率均大于30%,有机无机配施处理提高了无机氮的残留率.红黄泥底物氮的残留形态主要为酸解有机氮（>72%）,而紫潮泥以酸解有机氮(44.0%～53.2%)和固定态铵(35.2%～37.5%)为主,两种土壤底物氮矿质氮形态残留在10%～20％之间.研究表明土壤对外源无机氮的固定与释放是一个动态的过程,施肥方式和土壤粘土矿物组成对该过程有重要影响.化肥和秸秆配合施用能增强微生物对无机氮的同化,降低土壤粘土矿物对无机氮的固持.有机无机配施处理在降低化肥氮损失的同时提高了酸不溶性氮态的残留率,降低了无机氮形态(固定态铵和矿质氮)的残留.     

污水生物处理过程中的同步硝化反硝化研究概况

在好氧生物氧化过程中通过控制反应器内 DO浓度、C/N比、污泥负荷的条件下 ,观察到较明显的同步硝化反硝化现象 ,通过控制反应条件 ,可使硝化、反硝化速率都得以同步提高。     

猪场废水厌氧氨氧化脱氮的短程硝化反硝化预处理研究

在常温(13～20℃)、不调节pH的条件下,采用短程硝化反硝化预处理低C/N（2左右）猪场废水,考察了反硝化与亚硝化过程,并以经过短程硝化反硝化预处理的猪场废水为进水,分析了厌氧氨氧化的脱氮效果.结果表明,采用短程硝化反硝化预处理低C/N猪场废水,可以达到去除部分COD、部分脱氮、控制出水氨氮和亚硝态氮浓度之比在1∶1左右、pH在7.5～8.0左右的目的,为厌氧氨氧化创造了进水条件,全程COD和总氮平均去除率分别为64.3%和49.1%;经过短程硝化反硝化预处理的猪场废水,其厌氧氨氧化脱氮效果稳定,氨氮、亚硝态氮、总氮的平均去除率分别为91.8%、99.3%、84.1%.     

氮氟掺杂二氧化钛(N,F-TiO2)的制备及可见光催化活性的研究

以氨水为氮源,氢氟酸为氟源,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了氮氟掺杂二氧化钛(N,F-TiO2)光催化剂,并通过X-射线衍射(XRD)和扫描电镜(SEM)技术对其晶型和形态进行表征.最后以酸性红B为模型污染物,探讨了N和F加入量、焙烧温度、焙烧时间、照射时间、催化剂用量、溶液初始浓度和照射功率等因素对N,F-TiO2可见光催化活性的影响.结果表明,制备的N,F-TiO2以锐钛型为主,N和F的掺杂对TiO2的晶相没有明显改变,但可以扩大TiO2的可见光响应范围.当N和F的加入量均为2.0%,且在500℃下焙烧40 min时,得到的N,F-TiO2的可见光催化活性明显高于单N或单F掺杂的TiO2(N-TiO2或F-TiO2).对于50 mL浓度为10.0 mg·L-1的酸性红B溶液,当催化剂加入量为1.5 g·L-1,128W光照3.0 h,溶液pH=5.6时,去除率为85.40%.适当延长光照时间至4.0 h,降解率几乎可达100%.另外,研究还证明了N,F-TiO2催化可见光降解过程中有.OH自由基生成.     

江苏句容水库农业流域水塘和河流N_2O排放速率的研究

在句容水库农业流域的水塘和河流中,用密闭箱法于2007年8、11月和2008年2、5月采集水体表面排放的N2O气样,研究水塘和河流N2O排放速率的季节变化及其影响因素.结果显示,水塘N2O的排放速率范围在-0.42～16.76μg.m-.2h-1之间,河流N2O排放速率在0.29～8.41μg.m-.2h-1之间.由于...     

SBR法处理低C/N污水的工程应用——以某基地污水处理站改造工程为例

低C/N污水的生化处理过程中,由于碳源不足,不能满足硝化和反硝化的要求,造成出水NH3-N超标。采用SBR工艺对某基地污水处理站厌氧处理后的低C/N污水进行改造,处理后出水COD去除率达到97%以上,NH3-N去除率达到93%以上。     

Effects of long-term amendment of organic manure and nitrogen fertilizer on nitrous oxide emission in a sandy loam soil

To understand the effects of long-term amendment of organic manure and N fertilizer on N2O emission in the North China Plain, a laboratory incubation at different temperatures and soil moistures were carried out using soils treated with organic manure （OM）, half organic manure plus half fertilizer N （HOM）, fertilizer NPK （NPK）, fertilizer NP （NP）, fertilizer NK （NK）, fertilizer PK （NK） and control （CK） since 1989. Cumulative N2O emission in OM soil during the 17 d incubation period was slightly higher than in NPK soil under optimum nitrification conditions （25℃ and 60% water-filled pore space, WFPS）, but more than twice under the optimum denitrification conditions （35℃ and 90% WFPS）. N2O produced by denitrification was 2.1-2.3 times greater than that by nitrification in OM and HOM soils, but only 1.5 times greater in NPK and NP soils. These results implied that the long-term amendment of organic manure could significantly increase the N2O emission via denitrification in OM soil as compared to NPK soil. This is quite different from field measurement between OM soil and NPK soil. Substantial inhibition of the formation of anaerobic environment for denitrification in field might result in no marked difference in N2O emission between OM and NPK soils. This is due in part to more rapid oxygen diffusion in coarse textured soils than consumption by aerobic microbes until WFPS was 75% and to low easily decomposed organic C of organic manure. This finding suggested that addition of organic manure in the tested sandy loam might be a good management option since it seldom caused a burst of N2O emission but sequestered atmospheric C and maintained efficiently applied N in soil.     

Forensic Evaluation of Metals (Cr,Cu, Pb,Zn), Isotopes (δ13C and δ15N), and C:N Ratios in Freshwater Sediment

A forensic approach was used to evaluate sediments from Portão Stream, including analysis of metals, carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) stable isotopes, and C:N ratios. Samples collected at various points located along the stream were tested in order to investigate a possible illegal leachate input. The studied stream is heavily impacted by sewage and industrial discharges from two cities along its course. Among the metals analyzed, chromium (Cr) was noticeably the main pollutant, showing the highest levels, above regulatory limits, downstream from some potential sources of effluents enriched with this metal. Isotope analyses revealed a general trend of depletion in the heavier isotope along the stream for C and N. The exception was one point near a hazardous waste landfill, where relatively more enriched δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N values were found. The isotope and metal analysis results indicated that this site was affected by a particular source, demonstrating the combination of these parameters could be used for the discrimination of sources in a heavily polluted stream. Nevertheless, further investigations are necessary to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the biogeochemical processes involved in the incorporation of leachate in sediments to use this analysis as evidence for the illegal leachate discharge.