添加剂影响CaO固硫反应活性的动力学分析

采用热分析法研究了Al₂O₃、Fe₂O₃和MnCO₃作为添加剂对CaO固硫反应过程的影响,用等效粒子模型对固硫反应过程进行表征,求得了其固硫反应动力学参数.结果表明:MnCO₃与Fe₂O₃对CaO固硫反应的作用机理相同,能提高固硫反应速率常数、产物层有效扩散系数和钙的转化率.通过计算等动力学温度、活化能大小可以判断添加剂对固硫反应活性影响的趋势,但不能准确衡量添加剂对固硫反应活性的贡献;对应温度下的反应速率常数和产物层有效扩散系数更能准确反映添加剂对固硫反应的影响大小.非化学计量金属氧化物通过高温下氧离子、金属离子较强的扩散特性来催化固硫表面化学反应和促进产物层扩散反应.根据不同添加剂的作用机理和对固硫反应的不同控制阶段的影响规律,针对添加剂发挥作用的温度特性和化学反应计量关系复合掺入添加剂,可进一步提高固硫剂转化率.     

流化催化裂化烟气脱硫助剂的制备及其脱硫活性

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备锌铝助剂,该助剂于700℃焙烧后与流化催化裂化（FCC）催化剂进行机械混合,制得混合催化剂;在FCC烟气工业模拟装置上考察混合催化剂的脱硫活性,用混合催化剂的脱硫活性来反映锌铝助剂的脱硫性能。实验结果表明,氧化锌质量分数为10％的锌铝助剂的脱硫活性最佳,脱硫率达62．5％。采用红外光谱和X射线衍射（XRD）对锌铝助剂的脱硫机理进行了研究,红外分析结果表明,弱的L酸中心有利于锌铝助剂脱硫,XRD分析结果表明,锌铝助剂在锌铝尖晶石结构尚未完全形成时,存在较多的晶格缺陷,能够有效地吸附烟气中的SOx,将其转化为H2S。     

新型转式垃圾焚烧过程中脱氯脱硫机理的研究

为了探讨有机垃圾焚烧过程钙基添加剂对HCl,SO_x生成特性的影响,分别在自行设计的中空水冷转式垃圾焚烧炉和固定床加热炉中进行了一系列的实验,研究结果表明新型转式焚烧炉具有强化传热传质特性,能提高HCl、SO_x的脱除率,可抑制有害气体的生成;同时也研究了 HCl,SO₂气体同时存在时,钙基添加剂对脱氯脱硫效率的影响规律。     

Influences of adding easily degradable organic waste on the minimization and humification of organic matter during straw composting

To find a better composting process with low greenhouse gas emission and high humus production, the effect of adding kitchen waste on reduction and humification of organic matter during straw composting was studied. Three processes were compared, consisting of different ratios of straw and kitchen waste (1:2, 1:1, and 2:1). At four time points over a 62-d incubation, the reduction and humification of compost was evaluated by measuring the total mass, carbon content, and humic material content of the compost. Treatment 1 (straw/kitchen waste ratio of 1:2) reduced the total mass of compost the most. Treatment 2 (straw/kitchen waste ratio of 1:1) reduced the total carbon content the most, reflecting the highest emission of greenhouse gas. Treatment 3 produced the most humic acid material and released the lowest amount of carbon. Hence, from the point of view of reducing greenhouse gas emissions and increasing stable organic matter such as humus and humic acid during composting, treatment #3 was optimal. The three treatments resulted in significant differences in microbial biomass and enzyme activity during composting. The highest amount of active microbial biomass was associated with the largest reduction in compost mass (treatment 1). Higher proportions of straw (treatments 2 and 3), which contains more lignin, were associated with greater β-glycosidase activity, which may generate more humus that can improve soil quality. Dehydrogenase activity seemed to be the most important microbial factor in organic carbon catabolism or humification.     

Comparative effect of thymol or its glucose conjugate,thymol-β-d-glucopyranoside,on Campylobacter in avian gut contents

Campylobacter jejuni is an important human food-borne pathogen that can contaminate meat and poultry during processing. Consequently, strategies are sought to reduce the carriage of C. jejuni in food animals before they arrive at the abattoir. Thymol is a natural product that reduces survivability of Campylobacter in vitro, but its rapid absorption from the proximal alimentary tract limits its bactericidal efficacy in vivo. Thymol-β-d-glucopyranoside is more resistant to absorption than free thymol, but its administration to chickens has not been reported. In the present studies, 1 mM thymol-β-d-glucopyranoside was shown to exhibit near equal anti-Campylobacter activity as 1 mM thymol when incubated anaerobically in avian crop or cecal contents in vitro, resulting in reductions of 1.10–2.32 log₁₀ colony forming units mL^?1 in C. jejuni concentrations after 24 h incubation. In a follow-up live animal study, oral administration of thymol-β-d-glucopyranoside, but not free thymol, significantly lowered (>10-fold) recovery of Campylobacter from the crop of market-aged broilers when compared to placebo-treated controls (n = 6 broilers/treatment). Neither thymol-β-d-glucopyranoside nor thymol affected recovery of Campylobacter from cecal contents of the treated broilers. These results indicate that rapid absorption or passage of free thymol from the crop precluded its anti-Campylobacter activity at this site and throughout the entire gastrointestinal tract. Conversely, lower recovery of Campylobacter from the crop of birds treated with thymol-β-d-glucopyranoside indicates this conjugate was retained and able to be hydrolyzed to biologically active free thymol at this site as intended, yet was not sufficiently protected to allow passage of efficacious amounts of the intact glycoside to the lower gut. Nevertheless, these results warrant further research to see if higher doses or encapsulation of thymol-β-d-glucopyranoside or similar glycosides may yield an efficacious additive to reduce carriage of Campylobacter as well as other pathogens throughout the avian gut.     

含氯化钴添加剂细水雾灭火有效性的实验研究

在标准受限空间中,通过热态灭火实验对比分析了纯水细水雾和含氯化钴添加剂细水雾在不同添加荆浓度、工作压力下对煤油火的抑制效果.实验结果表明:含有氯化钴的细水雾比纯水细水雾具有更好的抑制效果.而细水雾的灭火时间并不是随着氯化钴的浓度变化而呈线性变化的,而是存在着一个最佳灭火浓度.实验表明:浓度为1.75%时的灭火效果最好.系统的工作压力也对细水雾的灭火性能有影响,在较高的工作压力下,细水雾的平均灭火时间较短.     

焚烧飞灰中Pb的浸出特征及预处理效果

着重研究飞灰中重金属铅的浸出行为,探讨焚烧飞灰在不同添加剂预处理下的稳定化效果。结果显示,飞灰主要重金属为铅,在液固比0.4 L·kg-1、养护7 d条件下,分别将水泥添加量从0增至40%、磷酸钠添加量从2%增至5%、绿矾从2%增至5%,铅的稳定效果均与以上添加剂的质量百分比呈正相关性。硫化钠添加量在0至0.4%内时,铅的稳定效果与其添加量呈负相关性,超过0.4%后呈正相关性。当在飞灰中添加4%绿矾、3%磷酸钠、0.5%硫化钠、15%水泥的复合添加剂时,符合卫生填埋场入场标准,且增容比最小,经济上最省。     

水溶性巯基壳聚糖对污染土壤吸附态汞的解吸作用研究

用两种巯基化试剂半胱氨酸(Cys)和硫代乙醇酸(Thi)与壳聚糖(CTS)反应,制备了两种水溶性巯基壳聚糖,即Cys-CTS和Thi-CTS,对比研究了这两种巯基壳聚糖与CTS对被染毒土壤中吸附态汞的提取能力.结果表明,Thi-CTS在pH=3、质量浓度为0.5g/L、用量为20 mL的条件下.对汞的提取率为59.44%,相同条件下CTS和cys-CTS对汞的最高提取率只有31.81%和10.15%.     

天津市近岸海域水质变化趋势分析及水质目标研究

掌握海域水质变化趋势、制定科学合理的水质目标,有助于精准实施重点海域排污总量控制,制定有效的污染物管控政策。利用广义加性模型（GAM）,基于2007—2018年天津市近岸海域营养盐浓度及降水量数据,建立水质变化趋势分析模型和水质目标确定方法,在评估天津市近岸海域12个监测站位无机氮和活性磷酸盐浓度变化趋势的基础上,提出天津市近岸海域水质控制目标,并分析水质目标的合理性和可达性。结果表明：2013—2018年与2007—2012年相比,天津市近岸海域无机氮浓度总体呈下降趋势,下降比例为13.19%,95%的置信区间为−30.37%～3.96%;活性磷酸盐浓度总体呈上升趋势,上升比例为7.01%,95%的置信区间为−11.43%～25.45%,尚未恢复到2007—2012年的平均水平;提出2025年天津市近岸海域无机氮、活性磷酸盐二者综合优良水质比例达到75%的控制目标;将天津市近岸海域划分成7个区域,建议据此实施海域水质分区管理,进一步加强农业面源污染防治,强化流域上下游协同治理和省际水污染联防联治,持续改善天津市近岸海域水质。

     

新型灌浆添加剂的研究与开发

矿井火灾是煤矿的重大灾害之一 ,在我国造成了严重的经济损失和人员伤亡。黄泥灌浆是防止煤矿自然发火应用最广泛的技术之一 ,但存在着泥浆脱水性差、阻化效果不稳定、与民争地等不足之处。因此 ,笔者提出了一种新的改进方法 ,利用阻化剂技术 ,开展了灌浆添加剂的开发和研究工作 ,最终研制成功了以吸湿性无机盐为基料 ,以多种功能表面活性剂为辅料的新型灌浆添加剂。通过阻化实验、保水实验和堵漏风性能实验表明 :在泥浆中添加少量的该灌浆添加剂 ,可大幅度提高泥浆的阻化效果和保湿性能 ;而当泥浆中的添加剂浓度仅为 5 %时 ,泥浆的阻化率可达到 80 %以上。同时 ,含有该添加剂的泥浆 ,其堵漏风性能并无明显降低。