Acute toxicity and ecotoxicological risk assessment of rice pesticides to Lithobates catesbeianus tadpoles

The objective of this study was to determine the acute toxicity of some pesticides used in irrigated rice farming to Lithobates catesbeianus tadpoles. The LC_50-96h for commercial formulations containing bentazon, penoxsulam, vegetable oil, permethrin and carbofuran, separately and their mixtures, were determined at the proportions commonly used in the field. The limits of risk concentrations of these products for the studied species were also established. The LC_50-96h for tadpoles was 4,530 mg L^?1 for bentazon; 7.52 mg L^?1 for penoxsulam + 145.66 mg L^?1 of vegetable oil; 81.57 mg L^?1 for vegetable oil; 0.10 mg L^?1 for permethrin; 29.90 mg L^?1 for carbofuran (active ingredients), and 38.79 times the dose used in the field for the mixture of these products. The environmental risk was determined only for permethrin, and care should be taken when using the vegetable oil.     

GIS based ArcPRZM-3 model for bentazon leaching towards groundwater

Groundwater contamination due to pesticide applications on agricultural lands is of great environmental concern. The mathematical models help to understand the mechanism of pesticide leaching in soils towards groundwater. We developed a user-friendly model called ArcPRZM-3 by integrating widely used Pesticide Root Zone Model version 3 (PRZM-3) using Visual Basic and Geographic Information System (GIS) based Avenue programming. ArcPRZM-3 could be used to simulate pesticide leaching towards groundwater with user-friendly input interfaces coupled with databases of crops, soils and pesticides. The outputs from ArcPRZM-3 could be visualized in user-friendly formats of tables, charts and maps. In this study we evaluated ArcPRZM-3 model by simulating bentazon leaching in soil towards groundwater. ArcPRZM-3 was applied to 37 sites in Woodru County, Arkansas, USA to observe the daily average dissolved bentazon concentration for soybean, sorghum and rice at a depth of 1.8 m for a period of two years. Nineteen ranks of bentazon leaching potential were obtained using ArcPRZM-3 for all sites having di erent soil and crop combinations. ArcPRZM-3 simulation results for bentazon were compatible with the field monitored data in term of relative ranking and trend, although some uncertainties exist. This study indicated that macropore flow mechanism would be important in analyzing the e ect of irrigation on groundwater contamination due to pesticides. Overall, ArcPRZM-3 could be used to simulate pesticide leaching towards groundwater more e ciently and e ectively as compared to PRZM-3.     

苯达松生产高浓度含磷废水的镁盐-钙盐协同沉淀处理及资源化研究

采用鸟粪石结晶协同钙盐沉淀法从苯达松生产高浓度含磷废水中回收磷酸盐沉淀物,探讨了磷回收效果的影响因素,并对所得磷酸盐沉淀物进行了定量分析和盆栽对照实验。实验结果表明：在pH为9~10、n（Mg²⁺）∶n（NH₄⁺）∶n（PO₄^3-）为1.2∶1∶1的最佳条件下加入氯化镁和氯化铵,磷回收率（以磷计）可达95.7%;再按照n（Ca²⁺）∶n（Mg²⁺）为0.10加入氯化钙,磷总回收率达到99.1%,上清液中磷质量浓度降至8.7 mg/L;每盆施用3 g磷酸盐沉淀物,对开豆41^#具有显著的增效作用,对杂草猪殃殃也有较好的除草效果。     

酸析—微电解—Fenton试剂氧化联合工艺预处理苯达松废水

采用酸析—微电解—Fenton试剂氧化联合工艺预处理苯达松废水。考察了酸析pH、铸铁粉加入量、微电解时间、双氧水加入量、Fenton试剂氧化时间等因素对废水处理效果的影响。实验结果表明：最佳工艺条件为酸析pH 3.0,铸铁粉加入量1.0 g/L,微电解时间2 h,Fenton试剂氧化时间4 h,双氧水加入量25 mL/L;在最佳工艺条件下处理初始COD为22 500 mg/L、BOD₅/COD为0.08、色度为2 500倍的苯达松废水,总COD去除率为96.2%,出水COD为858 mg/L,出水色度为150倍,BOD₅/COD为0.38;采用微电解—Fenton试剂氧化联合工艺预处理酸析后的苯达松废水,处理效果远高于单独微电解和单独Fenton试剂氧化工艺。     

灭草松在土壤中吸附的支配因素

通过振荡平衡法测定了灭草松在6种土壤中的吸附等温线,计算了灭草松在吸附过程中平均偏摩尔自由能的变化值.结果表明灭草松在其中5种土壤上的吸附等温线为直线,分配常数Kd 0.14～0.31mL·g^-;土壤吸附灭草松的强弱次序为:德清水稻土＞安吉水稻土(pH4.79)＞余杭水稻土＞临安红壤＞安吉水稻土(pH7.36)＞德清黄壤.土壤性质与分配常数的相关分析,发现支配灭草松在土壤上吸附的主要因素是pH值和土壤有机质含量.灭草松在土壤上的吸附主要是中性灭草松及其阴离子在土壤有机质中的分配,与有机质性质关系不大.