温和预氧化提高后续生物修复石油污染土壤

为得到一种能促进后期生物阶段高效降解石油烃(TPH)的温和Fenton预氧化方式,本文考察了不同Fenton预氧化过程中羟基自由基(·OH)特征、后续生物修复过程中营养消耗、土著菌活性(CO_2)以及TPH去除量的差异,结果表明,温和Fenton预氧化组(·OH存在时间:73 h;双氧水浓度:225 mmol·L~(-1))中·OH存在时间短H_2O_2用量少,残余细菌活性高,后续对石油的生物降解率高,不加菌就能够达到与加菌相同的修复效果(TPH去除率38%左右).且在不加菌的条件下,后期生物阶段TPH去除率,温和预氧化组(38%)要高于普通预氧化组(15. 32%～33. 15%).进一步分析各链烃的去除效果,发现在后续生物修复阶段,温和预氧化组能减少对链烃组分(C17～C21)的抑制;而对比各组的土著菌活性,发现温和预氧化可以适当刺激土著微生物生长并提高其活性,这些因素均有利于TPH的去除.温和预氧化在后期生物修复阶段对TPH的去除不加菌就能够达到与加菌相同的处理效果,是一种低成本可行的修复方式.     

热水洗辅助微生物修复高含油落地油泥

为解决油田落地油泥含油率高但不能直接进行生物无害化处置的问题,探索一种热水洗辅助微生物修复工艺。利用热水洗实验考察了清洗配方和水温对降低含油率的影响;从落地油泥中分离出石油烃降解菌,以用于含油残砂的微生物降解过程,同时探究填料和烃降解微生物对残砂中石油烃降解效果的影响。结果表明,鼠李糖脂清洗剂在总用量为0.5%、水洗时间30 min和50 ℃条件下,可将油泥含油率由107.1 mg·g⁻¹降至为39.3 mg·g⁻¹;水洗后残砂中的土著菌群数量出现了明显下降。分离获得了2株烃降解菌,并优选出具有增加油泥溶氧和保水的沼渣。将烃降解微生物和优选沼渣加入残砂后,石油烃生物降解效率得到显著提升,200 d后含油率降为4.62 mg·g⁻¹。在此过程中,微生物优先降解分子量小的饱和烃和芳香烃组分,对胶质和沥青质等组分降解程度偏低。该研究结果可为油田高含油落地油泥的环保处置提供参考。     

Effects of nitrate concentration in interstitial water on the bioremediation of simulated oil-polluted shorelines

Nutrient addition has been proved to be an effective strategy to enhance oil biodegradation in marine shorelines.To determine the optimal range of nutrient concentrations in the bioremediation of oil-polluted beaches,nitrate was added to the simulated shoreline models in the initial concentration of 1,5 and 10 mg/L.Whenever the NO3-N concentration declined to 70% of its original value, additional nutrients were supplemented to maintain a certain range.Results showed adding nutrients increased the oil biodegradation level,the counts of petroleum degrading bacteria(PDB)and heterotrophic bacteria (HB),and the promoted efficiency varied depending on the concentration of nitrate.Oil degradation level in 5 mg/L(NO_3-N)group reached as much as 84.3% accompanied with the consistently highest counts of PDB;while in 1 mg/L group oil removal efficiency was only 35.2%,and the numbers of PDB and HB were relatively low compared to the other groups supplemented with nutrients.Although counts of HB in the 10 mg/L group were remarkable,lower counts of PDB resulted in poorer oil removal efficiency (70.5%) compared to 5 mg/L group.Furthermore,it would need more NO_3-N(0.371 mg)to degrade 1 mg diesel oil in the 10 mg/L group than in the 5 mg/L group(0.197 mg).In conclusion, Nitrate concentration in 5 mg/L is superior to 1 and 10 mg/L in the enhancement of diesel oil biodegradation in simulated shorelines.     

Biodegradation of beta-cypermethrin by a novel Azoarcus indigens strain HZ5

A novel strain HZ5 was isolated from the activated sludge of a pesticide manufacturer in Hangzhou, which was capable of degrading beta-cypermethrin (beta-CP). Based on its physiological characteristics and analysis of 16S rDNA gene, strain HZ5 was identified as Azoarcus indigens, which was a new genus that can degrade beta-CP effectively. Strain HZ5 could degrade beta-CP over a wide range of temperature (20 to 40°C) and pH (5.5 to 9.0), and the optimal temperature and pH were 30°C and 7.0. The highest degradation rate was approximately 70% of 50 mg/L beta-CP within 144 h at pH 7.0 and 30°C in MSM. An additional carbon source could enhance the biodegradation of beta-CP. Studies on biodegradation of the beta-CP showed no significant enantioselectivity. During the process, two main intermediate metabolites were produced by strain HZ5 and determined as 3-phenoxybenzaldehyde and 3-phenoxybenzoic acid by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. The results indicated that strain HZ5 may have potential application in bioremediation of beta-CP polluted environment.     

西北黄土地区现场石油污染土壤生物修复研究

通过在陕北安塞油田某废弃油井建立中试试验基地,以实验室中筛选分离得到的高效降解石油的优势菌为添加的高效菌,研究土壤石油初始浓度、营养物质和高效菌对石油降解的影响.结果表明:(1)在各土壤石油初始浓度下,石油降解率总体均随降解时间的延长而升高.在土壤石油初始质量浓度为15.34 g/kg下,72 d时石油降解率为47.8...     

农药污染地下水的微生物治理及含水层渗透性变化研究

采用了从农药厂阿特拉津生产车间排污口污泥中分离出的菌种AT菌 ,进行了农药阿特拉津污染地下水微生物治理的模拟实验研究 ,在实验条件 (T =10℃ ,pH =7.5 )与野外含水层的条件基本一致情况下 ,难于生物降解的污染质阿特拉津的一次投菌降解率可达 3 1.0 8% ;设计了两种有效细菌的投放方式以模拟野外条件下的菌种投加条件。另外 ,AT菌的作用会造成被治理含水层的渗透性能降低 ,两种投菌方式下 ,实验后含水层的渗透系数分别下降 60 .5 4%和 3 4 5 6%。清水冲洗 10d的渗透性恢复率分别为 48.96%及 81.3 6% ,说明清水渗透恢复的方法效果明显     

水产养殖自身污染及其生物修复技术

介绍了生物修复的概念、水产养殖存在的自身污染问题及其主要生物修复技术。营养物污染、药物污染和底泥富集污染是水产养殖存在的主要自身污染问题；微生物修复、水生植物修复和水生动物修复是污染养殖水域生物修复的3种主要形式；微生物的有效性、生物入侵、二次污染、修复生物的季节性和非水生植物的利用等方面是实施生物修复应注意的主要方面。最后指出，推行清洁生产、实行生态养殖是水产养殖业可持续发展的出路。     

Trimethylbenzoic acids as metabolite signatures in the biogeochemical evolution of an aquifer contaminated with jet fuel hydrocarbons

Evolution of trimethylbenzoic acids in the KC-135 aquifer at the former Wurtsmith Air Force Base (WAFB), Oscoda, MI was examined to determine the functionality of trimethylbenzoic acids as key metabolite signatures in the biogeochemical evolution of an aquifer contaminated with JP-4 fuel hydrocarbons. Changes in the composition of trimethylbenzoic acids and the distribution and concentration profiles exhibited by 2,4,6- and 2,3,5-trimethylbenzoic acids temporally and between multilevel wells reflect processes indicative of an actively evolving contaminant plume. The concentration levels of trimethylbenzoic acids were 3-10 orders higher than their tetramethylbenzene precursors, a condition attributed to slow metabolite turnover under sulfidogenic conditions. The observed degradation of tetramethylbenzenes into trimethylbenzoic acids obviates the use of these alkylbenzenes as non-labile tracers for other degradable aromatic hydrocarbons, but provides rare field evidence on the range of high molecular weight alkylbenzenes and isomeric assemblages amenable to anaerobic degradation in situ. The coupling of actual tetramethylbenzene loss with trimethylbenzoic acid production and the general decline in the concentrations of these compounds demonstrate the role of microbially mediated processes in the natural attenuation of hydrocarbons and may be a key indicator in the overall rate of hydrocarbon degradation and the biogeochemical evolution of the KC-135 aquifer.     

EVO(乳化油)-Mg(OH)2双功能缓释剂强化修复三氯乙烯污染地下水

氯代烃污染地下水在外加有机质(电子供体)进行强化还原脱氯时,存在有机质消耗快、pH持续降低等影响脱氯效率的问题。利用乳化油(EVO)与胶体氢氧化镁复配的方法,制备了一种兼具电子供体缓释性和OH-缓释性的双功能缓释剂EVO-Mg(OH)2;成功制备了不同EVO∶Mg(OH)2配比的EVO-Mg(OH)2试剂,并对其稳定性、分散性及粒径分布进行了研究;向模拟砂柱中注入不同体积的EVO-Mg(OH)2,考察试剂的迁移性能以及试剂注入对三氯乙烯(TCE)迁移的影响;开展了EVO-Mg(OH)2强化TCE还原脱氯摇瓶实验,考察了该试剂对脱氯效果的影响。结果表明：不同EVO∶Mg(OH)2配比的试剂稳定性及分散性良好,粒径无明显差异;EVO-Mg(OH)2可以有效地在多孔介质中迁移并实现部分滞留;注入量对EVO-Mg(OH)2的迁移性有一定的影响;EVO-Mg(OH)2可以促进TCE溶解和迁移从而减小EVO-Mg(OH)2和TCE之间的传质阻力;EVO-Mg(OH)2能够实现电子供体及OH-的双重缓释,有效促进脱氯微生物的生长,提高TCE的降解速率(k=0.128 d-1),同时抑制pH的降低(pH=7.5)。     

A strategy for aromatic hydrocarbon bioremediation under anaerobic conditions and the impacts of ethanol: a microcosm study

Increased use of ethanol-blended gasoline (gasohol) and its potential release into the subsurface have spurred interest in studying the biodegradation of and interactions between ethanol and gasoline components such as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene isomers (BTEX) in groundwater plumes. The preferred substrate status and the high biological oxygen demand (BOD) posed by ethanol and its biodegradation products suggests that anaerobic electron acceptors (EAs) will be required to support in situ bioremediation of BTEX. To develop a strategy for aromatic hydrocarbon bioremediation and to understand the impacts of ethanol on BTEX biodegradation under strictly anaerobic conditions, a microcosm experiment was conducted using pristine aquifer sand and groundwater obtained from Canadian Forces Base Borden, Canada. The initial electron accepter pool included nitrate, sulfate and/or ferric iron. The microcosms typically contained 400 g of sediment, 600 approximately 800 ml of groundwater, and with differing EAs added, and were run under anaerobic conditions. Ethanol was added to some at concentrations of 500 and 5000 mg/L. Trends for biodegradation of aromatic hydrocarbons for the Borden aquifer material were first developed in the absence of ethanol, The results showed that indigenous microorganisms could degrade all aromatic hydrocarbons (BTEX and trimethylbenzene isomers-TMB) under nitrate- and ferric iron-combined conditions, but not under sulfate-reducing conditions. Toluene, ethylbenzene and m/p-xylene were biodegraded under denitrifying conditions. However, the persistence of benzene indicated that enhancing denitrification alone was insufficient. Both benzene and o-xylene biodegraded significantly under iron-reducing conditions, but only after denitrification had removed other aromatics. For the trimethylbenzene isomers, 1,3,5-TMB biodegradation was found under denitrifying and then iron-reducing conditions. Biodegradation of 1,2,3-TMB or 1,2,4-TMB was slower under iron-reducing conditions. This study suggests that addition of excess ferric iron combined with limited nitrate has promise for in situ bioremediation of BTEX and TMB in the Borden aquifer and possibly for other sites contaminated by hydrocarbons. This study is the first to report 1,2,3-TMB biodegradation under strictly anaerobic condition. With the addition of 500 mg/L ethanol but without EA addition, ethanol and its main intermediate, acetate, were quickly biodegraded within 41 d with methane as a major product. Ethanol initially present at 5000 mg/L without EA addition declined slowly with the persistence of unidentified volatile fatty acids, likely propionate and butyrate, but less methane. In contrast, all ethanol disappeared with repeated additions of either nitrate or ferric iron, but acetate and unidentified intermediates persisted under iron-enhanced conditions. With the addition of 500 mg/L ethanol and nitrate, only minor toluene biodegradation was observed under denitrifying conditions and only after ethanol and acetate were utilized. The higher ethanol concentration (5000 mg/L) essentially shut down BTEX biodegradation likely due to high EA demand provided by ethanol and its intermediates. The negative findings for anaerobic BTEX biodegradation in the presence of ethanol and/or its biodegradation products are in contrast to recent research reported by Da Silva et al. [Da Silva, M.L.B., Ruiz-Aguilar, G.M.L., Alvarez, P.J.J., 2005. Enhanced anaerobic biodegradation of BTEX-ethanol mixtures in aquifer columns amended with sulfate, chelated ferric iron or nitrate. Biodegradation. 16, 105-114]. Our results suggest that the apparent conservation of high residual labile carbon as biodegradation products such as acetate makes natural attenuation of aromatics less effective, and makes subsequent addition of EAs to promote in situ BTEX biodegradation problematic.