High-sensitivity direct analysis of aflatoxins in peanuts and cereal matrices by ultra-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection involving a large volume flow cell

This paper reports a sensitive and cost effective method of analysis for aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2. The sample preparation method was primarily optimised in peanuts, followed by its validation in a range of peanut-processed products and cereal (rice, corn, millets) matrices. Peanut slurry [12.5 g peanut + 12.5 mL water] was extracted with methanol: water (8:2, 100 mL), cleaned through an immunoaffinity column and thereafter measured directly by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence (UPLC-FLD) detection, within a chromatographic runtime of 5 minutes. The use of a large volume flow cell in the FLD nullified the requirement of any post-column derivatisation and provided the lowest ever reported limits of quantification of 0.025 for B1 and G1 and 0.01 μg/kg for B2 and G2. The single laboratory validation of the method provided acceptable selectivity, linearity, recovery and precision for reliable quantifications in all the test matrices as well as demonstrated compliance with the EC 401/2006 guidelines for analytical quality control of aflatoxins in foodstuffs.     

“一带一路”沿线国家粮食消费时空格局

“一带一路”沿线国家是世界重要粮食生产—消费区,开展该区域粮食安全研究具有重要意义。聚焦粮食消费,剖析沿线国家1995—2017年粮食消费时空格局特征,揭示影响因素。结果表明：（1）1995—2017年,粮食消费数量逐渐增长,总量占世界比例介于55%~59%,人均消费量增至367 kg,为世界水平的95%。（2）1995—2017年,其他用粮和工业用粮高速增长,饲料和口粮快速增长,损耗和种子用粮缓慢增长,形成“口粮为主、饲料为辅”的消费结构,处于粮食消费初级阶段。（3）消费总量空间差异大而人均消费差异小,中东欧国家消费水平高,人口大国、岛屿小国、粮食生产条件欠佳国家消费水平较低。（4）各类用途粮食人均消费量空间差异不大,饲料总量空间差异最大且逐渐增大,近半数国家仍以口粮为主,约25%的国家完成了向相对均衡型转变的消费结构升级。（5）人口数量和消费水平累积贡献率约为43%和57%,中亚、东南亚、南亚多数国家受消费、人口共同影响,西亚及中东国家多受人口影响,中东欧内部差异大。口粮、饲料累积贡献量占比约为46%和34%,南亚、东南亚国家多受口粮影响,中蒙俄、中亚国家多受饲料影响,中东欧和中南半岛国家多为综合贡献型。     

Determination of glyphosate residue in maize and rice using a fast and easy method involving liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS)

A fast and easy method was developed for the determination of glyphosate in maize and rice by using liquid chromatography triple quadrupole mass spectrometry with a Dionex Ion Pack column and phosphate buffer mobile phase. Samples were extracted with an acidified methanol solution. An isotope-labeled internal standard was added to the sample before extraction to ensure accurate tracking and quantification. The method’s performance was evaluated through a series of assessments to determine the accuracy, precision, linearity, matrix effect, limit of detection (LOD), and limit of quantification (LOQ). The mean recoveries for both matrices were within 70–105% at three fortification levels, including the LOQ. The precision for replicates was <20% (RSD%) for both matrices. Good linearity (R²=0.9982) was obtained over the concentration range of 0.01–1.5?mg kg^?1. The LOD was determined to be 0.002?mg kg^?1 for rice and 0.004?mg kg^?1 for maize. The LOQ was 0.01?mg kg^?1 for both maize and rice. Due to its versatility, the proposed method could be considered useful for the determination of glyphosate in cereals in routine analysis.     

依据经济水平建立的华中-华南粮食运输模型

从中国土地利用现状出发,根据目前的中国粮食生产、粮食需求关系和地区经济水平差异等因素,建立了粮食调拨运输模型--计划经济型(非市场原理型)和市场原理型(自由购买型)。并将这两种模型分别应用到中国华中-华南地区,讨论了中国华中-华南地区的粮食储备变化特点。模拟结果显示:非市场原理型运输模型中,随着粮食运输强度系数的增大,城市地区的粮食不足现象逐步得到缓解;而粮食产地的粮食储量也将相应减少,粮食分布的区域不平衡不会长期存在。依据市场原理型运输模型,随着粮食吸收系数的增大,粮食储备迅速集中到沿海城市,此后粮食生产地区的粮食储备开始减少,内陆地区会出现大范围的粮食短缺现象。这种粮食分布的区域不平衡现象越来越大。     

依据经济水平建立的华中-华南粮食运输模型

从中国土地利用现状出发，根据目前的中国粮食生产、粮食需求关系和地区经济水平差异等因素,建立了粮食调拨运输模型——计划经济型(非市场原理型)和市场原理型(自由购买型)。并将这两种模型分别应用到中国华中-华南地区,讨论了中国华中—华南地区的粮食储备变化特点。模拟结果显示:非市场原理型运输模型中,随着粮食运输强度系数的增大,城市地区的粮食不足现象逐步得到缓解;而粮食产地的粮食储量也将相应减少，粮食分布的区域不平衡不会长期存在。依据市场原理型运输模型,随着粮食吸收系数的增大,粮食储备迅速集中到沿海城市,此后粮食生产地区的粮食储备开始减少,内陆地区会出现大范围的粮食短缺现象。这种粮食分布的区域不平衡现象越来越大。     

Evaluation of a multiresidue method for pesticides in cereals using supercritical fluid extraction and gas chromatographic detection

Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) was evaluated to be applied for residue analysis of 22 gas chromatography/electron capture detector-nitrogen phosphorus detector (GC/ECD-NPD) amenable pesticides in rice, wild rice and wheat. Samples were extracted with supercritical carbon dioxide at 200 atm pressure and 50°C temperature, using methanol as a static modifier. Mean recoveries obtained with the proposed SFE method at two spiking levels with four replicates per level are compared with those obtained with an ethyl acetate-based solvent extraction/gel permeation chromatography (GPC) clean up method. Both methods gave consistent high recoveries for almost all the pesticides from all the commodities with overall mean recoveries higher than 70% with relative standard deviations lower than 20%. Remarkable exceptions were captafol and dimethoate, for which low and/or non-reproducible recoveries were obtained with the SFE method. Residue levels determined with both methods in nine different incurred samples of wheat, containing some of the studied pesticides, were very similar, but, in all cases, slightly higher levels were determined with the SFE method.     

上海粮食中元素的含量及土壤的安全值

经对上海农村和粮食的多年调查研究，阐述小麦和水稻的质量状况，并作了评价。小麦和水稻籽粒中Ｃｄ，Ｐｈ，Ｎｉ，Ｃｒ，Ｈｇ的含量差不多，但Ｚｎ，Ｃｕ含量小麦〉水稻，Ｍｎ，Ａｓ含量为小麦〈水稻。局部地区小麦和水稻中镉的污染较重。在粮食含镉较高的地区，锌肥不宜喷用。公路附近粮食中含铅量较高，与汽车排放废气有关。     

中国-东盟自由贸易区粮食生产与贸易的时空格局演变

东南亚既是中国-东盟自由贸易区的重要组成部分,也是21世纪海上丝绸之路的前沿阵地和重要枢纽。20世纪90年代特别是中国-东盟自由贸易区（简称“自贸区”）成立以来,中国与东盟及其成员国的经贸联系日益加强。研究全球最大粮食消费国、进口国以及世界稻米最重要主产区和出口区之间的粮食生产和贸易发展态势,对中国实施“走出去”和“引进来”战略、建设21世纪海上丝绸之路以及改善地缘安全环境具有重要现实意义。论文基于FAO数据库中国-东盟各成员国1961-2013年粮食生产与贸易数据,利用集中化指数与回归分析法,定量揭示中国-东盟粮食生产与贸易的时空格局及演变特征。研究表明：1）从粮食生产来看,50多年来自贸区粮食总产增长4.06倍,至2013年底总产达到8.09×10⁸ t;就粮食贸易而言,1961-2013年自贸区贸易量增长3.19倍,其中粮食进口量年均增长率为2.95%,粮食出口量增长2.40倍,粮食进口总体大于粮食出口,受中国粮食进出口战略调整的影响,自贸区各个子区粮食贸易日趋均匀化。2）从空间格局来看,自贸区主要粮食生产国集中在中国、印度尼西亚、泰国和越南,其中中国的玉米、水稻比重占明显优势;中国的粮食贸易逆差进一步扩大,其贸易重心开始转向东南亚。3）自贸区的粮食生产与粮食进出口量关系密切,具有显著相关性,但国别差异明显。其中,中国粮食出口量受国内粮食生产与需求影响较大,是自贸区粮食贸易变动的晴雨表。