4种不同生境的蟹类金属硫蛋白cDNA的克隆与比较

利用Carcinus maenas金属硫蛋白氨基酸序列资料，用全简并引物从鳃组织总RNA中扩增并克隆了首个甲壳类金属硫蛋白cDNA片段序列，3'-RACE获得了其编码区全长cDNA。之后，用部分简并的引物扩增并克隆了其它3种国内常见蟹类的金属硫蛋白cDNA编码区全长序列。序列分析结果表明，几种蟹的金属硫蛋白cDNA序列存在差异，推知的氨基酸序列也不完全相同，比较不同蟹的cDNA和氨基酸序列数据不能证明不同生态环境对金属硫蛋白的分子进化起重要作用。图4表1参15     

Ecological Risk Assessment of Abandoned Shrimp Ponds in Southern Thailand

The potential ecological risks associated with contaminants from 15 abandoned shrimp ponds in southern Thailand were assessed at the screening level. Shrimp ponds reported as out of production for more than 2 years were selected as sampling sites. The assessment endpoint was identified as the protection of aquatic life from hazard of multiple agents or stressors in water or sediment from the ponds. The measurement endpoints were amount of toxic phytoplankton species, Yellow Head Viruses, SEMB viruses, oxytetracycline, cadmium, copper, and manganese. Data from field measurements and laboratory analyses obtained primarily from April to June 2003 were used in the risk analysis. The results showed that insignificant amounts of stressors were present, except for the metals. So, only concentration values of the metals were used in the calculation of hazard quotients (HQ) for risk characterization. The highest potential ecological risk characterized by the highest HQ value observed for each metal was 19 for manganese, 4.3 for cadmium, and 1.8 for copper. These findings indicated a need for further ecological risk assessment at a more detailed level to focus on the bioavailability and effects of metals from abandoned shrimp farms, with manganese the highest priority.     

黄海北部对虾放流水域污染分析

根据１９９６－１９９８年对黄海北部中国虾放流增殖水域的调查，对该水域的污染状 评价，结果表明，除个别站位ＣＯＤ、Ｃｕ、Ｚｎ、Ｈｇ有少量超标外，综合评价和单因子评价均符合渔业水质标准规定的要求，水质良好，适合幼对虾的栖息和生长。但污染物含量特别是重金属含量有逐年增高的趋势。     

纳米TiO_2-CS微球光催化降解亚甲基兰的研究

将用化学方法改性后的纳米TiO2与壳聚糖(CS)共混,通过反相悬浮、交联制备了纳米TiO2-CS微球光催化剂,以亚甲基兰为对象,紫外灯为光源,研究了亚甲基兰的初始浓度、光照时间、不同pH值、纳米TiO2的含量、催化剂用量对亚甲基兰光降解率的影响。结果表明:纳米TiO2-CS微球能显著地降解亚甲基兰,且易于回收、能重复使用,为其实际应用提供了有价值的参数。     

一种新型脱色剂的合成和应用

以壳聚糖、双氰胺为主要原料合成了一种新型、高效的脱色剂处理染料废水,该脱色剂对四种典型的染料的脱色率都接近90%。实验表明:当合成温度控制在50℃左右,壳聚糖结构单元:双氰胺物质量比为1∶2,反应pH为2,反应时间为3 h时,合成的脱色剂对染料废水的脱色效果为最佳。实验同时比较了壳聚糖的盐酸溶液与脱色剂加入到染料废水后的紫外光谱变化,发现脱色剂对染料废水的脱色率要远远高于壳聚糖的盐酸溶液。实验研究了合成的脱色剂对上虞污水厂废水的处理效果,发现其COD去除率比该厂使用的PAC提高20%以上。     

壳聚糖/PVA微粒上Cu2+的吸附平衡与动力学

采用粒径＜200μm、在酸碱介质中溶胀率小且能稳定存在的壳聚糖/PVA微粒对Cu2+的吸附进行了研究,结果表明,在pH 6,室温条件下,其饱合吸附量达56.0mg/g,随温度升高,吸附量降低.通过计算不同温度下各热力学参数△G0、△H0和△S0,证实该吸附为自发的放热过程.对实验数据运用相关数学模型拟合,显示等温吸附平衡符合Langmuir模型,吸附过程动力学更适合二级反应,被吸附在壳聚糖/PVA微粒上的Cu2+,可被0.01mo/L的EDTS或HNO3溶液快速地脱附出来,其洗脱率分别为85.3%和65.9%.     

Closing the open sea: Development of fishery management in four Icelandic fisheries

The article outlines the development of Iceland's fishery rights and the extension of its territorial waters between the 1950s and the mid‐1970s, whereby Iceland gained exclusive control and use of the marine resources of the waters within 12, later 50, and ultimately 200 nautical miles around the island. The article concentrates on four of Iceland's main fisheries: shrimp, herring, capelin and cod. These four fisheries are discussed separately and in depth, presenting the beginnings and growth of the industry and detailing the development of management practices and the corresponding legislation and regulatory measures. Iceland's initial concern was to gain control over the marine resources surrounding the island, but once this was achieved, the focus of attention shifted to managing first the economic and soon also the ecological aspects of its tremendous resource. Informed mainly by indigenous expertise, Iceland's concern was to limit overfishing, manage its fisheries sustainably both from the economic and ecological points of view, and find the best ways to distribute the revenues from the marine harvest. The article looks at each of the four fisheries to clarify how the individual transferable quota (ITQ) system came into being, how initial quota holdings were allotted, and analyses the circumstances under which the ITQ system became the management tool of choice. For each fishery, the process of regulatory evolution was quite unique. At the same time, there is a common pattern to all the fisheries, which may be summarized as follows. Firstly, serious attempts to reform management practices only got underway when the fishery had collapsed or was close to collapse. Secondly, stakeholders invariably started the process of regulation by limiting access to the fishery. Thirdly, a variety of rules were implemented to allocate rights to participate in the fishery to additional entrants once membership had been closed. Finally, prior to the invention of the ITQ system, prices were used to manage fisheries in Iceland. It may be concluded that the management of fisheries by ITQs may be a historical accident, rather than the end point of a logical evolution.     

利用壳聚糖溶液探讨黄土中铬(VI)的提取效果研究

铬是环境中一种重要的重金属污染物,大量含铬的废水、废渣随意排放导致土壤、水体和生物遭到不同程度的污染.中国黄土分布面积广泛,本研究以典型的西部黄土为对象,通过室内土柱淋滤试验,以灌水量和示踪铬浓度为控制因子,研究铬在黄土层中的分布、迁移转化规律及黄土对铬的吸附特性.由于壳聚糖的结构中含有大量的-NH2和-OH,因此壳聚糖,它对重金属离子有优良的吸附作用.探讨了吸附时间、壳聚糖浓度、pH、液固比、温度对壳聚糖吸附黄土中Cr(VI)的提取效果.     

铁锰复合氧化物/壳聚糖珠:一种环境友好型除磷吸附剂

采用两步法制备了一种环境友好型除磷基吸附剂——铁锰复合氧化物/壳聚糖珠(FMCB),对其进行了表征,并对其磷吸附行为进行了系统研究.表征结果表明,该吸附剂为多孔纤维结构,比表面积为248 m~2·g~(-1),孔容为0.37 m~3·g~(-1).吸附实验结果表明,FMCB对磷的吸附容量远高于纯的壳聚糖颗粒,且Langmuir模型能更好地拟合FMCB对磷的吸附,最大吸附量为13.3 mg·g~(-1)(pH 7.0);准二级动力学模型能更好地拟合FMCB对磷吸附的动力学实验数据;溶液pH对磷的吸附影响较大,随着pH的增大,磷的吸附量逐渐降低;共存的Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+)对磷吸附略有促进,而共存阴离子对磷吸附具有抑制作用,影响大小顺序为:SiO_3~(2-)CO_3~(2-)SO_4~(2-)≥Cl~-.吸附磷后的FMCB可用NaOH溶液进行脱附再生,并可重复使用.在进水磷初始浓度为3 mg·L~(-1)条件下,吸附达到穿透时(出水磷浓度达0.5 mg·L~(-1)),可处理约800个柱体积的模拟含磷废水.     

改性壳聚糖CAD与微生物絮凝剂MBF8复配絮凝研究

采用水溶液自由基聚合反应,将丙烯酰胺(AM)、二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵(DMDAAC)接枝到壳聚糖分子上制成了阳离子改性壳聚糖(CAD).经FT-IR、XRD、zeta(ξ)电位、凝胶色谱等分析确定,CAD为淡黄色透明液体,pH值为3.7,相对分子质量为2.88×10⁶,阳离子度为16.7,等电点(0.1%溶液)约为pH值10.5,有效成分2.6%,主要特征官能团有羟基、氨基、季铵基和酰胺基, 呈不规则晶体结构.将CAD与相对分子质量3.67×10⁵的多糖类电负性微生物絮凝剂MBF8复配,对浊度12~460 NTU、离子强度3.0 mmol·L^-1的高岭土悬浊液进行烧杯实验.结果表明,MBF8与CAD的最佳使用方式为先投加MBF8后投加CAD,复配比5:3时效果最好,适用的pH范围为6.0~10.0.采用PAC(3.0 mg·L^-1)+MBF8+CAD(1.0 mg·L^-1)复配絮凝,pH=8.0下,对浊度为110 NTU的高岭土悬浊液,浊度去除率>97%,残余铝<0.08 mg·L^-1,絮体大、沉降快,絮凝效果优于PAC+分子量800万、1200万的阴离子PAM及分子量1500万的阳离子PAM.