Food aid and food crisis in Sub-Saharan Africa: Statistical trends and implications*

This paper documents the rapid expansion and changes in food aid flows to Sub-Saharan Africa up to mid-1985. Trends for Sub-Saharan Africa as a whole and for the more seriously affected countries are examined, as are the comparative experiences of food aid of individual countries in the region. Table 11 lists the Sub-Saharan African countries and indicates the most seriously affected food-short countries, as defined by the WFP/FAO task force. It should be borne in mind that some practical problems exist in compiling data on food aid. These include lack of availability of reliable data, especially of most recent data; lack of common terminology and definitions; and different accounting systems. These data problems are sometimes a source of confusion. However, the basic facts are clear: food aid gradually emerged during the early 1980s as a resource too often of considerable significance to many countries of Sub-Saharan Africa. These trends were only accelerated with the crisis of 1984-1985. These facts provide a point of reference for further analysis of the sources of the crisis, its actual dimensions and consequences.     

Hunger, poverty and food aid in Sub-Saharan Africa: Retrospect and potential

Frustrations and failures will continue to mount if we do not immediately summon the courage to revise the ways we think and take action-as well as maintaining essential services to support life and health … Saving hundreds of thousands … who are at risk of dying from malnutrition or infection is an immediate imperative. But it must be only one stage in the progress toward other activities, and one element in the truly comprehensive approach… The main intent of this paper is to explore aspects of the nature and evolution of poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa with special reference to food and hunger and their interaction with macro-economic policy. An attempt is made to outline the overall context within which food aid needs to be used in order to have a greater developmental impact. Following an Introductory Section I, Section II provides a sketch map of how recession and lagging food production - with cyclical weather crises superimposed - affect the human condition of poor people. Section III reviews die interaction between "standard" IMF stabilization and World Bank structural adjustment strategies and poverty/hunger. Improvements in the design of stabilization and adjustment programmes, and of the inter-relationship with them of emergency programmes, can be identified. A number turn on the broadened and more innovative or catalytic use of food aid. Section IV reviews aspects of facing a continuing series of emergencies and of designing life support programmes to facilitate rehabilitation of the households directly affected as well as of the national economies. From this base it explores a series of elements in achieving renewed development. The concluding Section seeks to explore the strengths, limitations and potentials of food aid in the context set by the previous sections. The standard criticisms of food aid appear to be overstated and/or to relate to particular modalities or approaches rather than to anything intrinsic. A number of criteria for improving the effectiveness of food aid - especially in respect to rehabilitation, recovery and renewed development - are set out.     

Morphology and electrical conductivity of PACS

ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＰｏｌｙａｌｕｍｉｎｉｕｍｃｈｌｏｒｉｄｅ(ＰＡＣ) ,ａｋｉｎｄｏｆｉｎｏｒｇａｎｉｃｐｏｌｙｍｅｒｆｌｏｃｃｕｌａｎｔ,ｉｓｗｉｄｅｌｙｕｓｅｄｉｎｗａｔｅｒａｎｄｗａｓｔｅｗａｔｅｒｔｒｅａｔｍｅｎｔ.ＩｎｏｒｄｅｒｔｏｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅｔｈｅｃｏａｇｕｌａｔｉｏｎｅｆｆｅｃｔｏｆＰＡＣａｎｄｉｍｐｒｏｖｅｔｈｅｑｕａｌｉｔｙｏｆＰＡＣｐｒｏｄｕｃｔ,ｉｔｉｓｎｅｃｅｓｓａｒｙｔｏｒａｉｓｅｔｈｅｄｅｇｒｅｅｏｆｐｏｌｙｍｅｒｉｚａｔｉｏｎｏｆＰＡＣ .Ｇｅｎｅｒａｌｌｙ ,ｔ…     

混凝法在滇池蓝藻暴发期净水除藻的可行性研究

采用精制硫酸铝为混凝剂,L93^4正交法安排滇池蓝藻暴发期混凝沉降除藻除净水工艺实验。结果表明,混凝剂种类、水样pH值对蓝藻去除率有很大影响。研究确定了混凝剂除藻最佳操作条件,为混凝法去除蓝藻的工业化提供了理论和实际操作依据。     

活性硅酸聚合硫酸铁的研究

以硅酸钠，硫酸和聚合硫酸铁为原料制备活性硅酸合硫酸铁，测定了ＡＳＰＦＳ红外光谱，了Ｆｅ／Ｓｉ摩尔比和水样ＰＨ值等因素对产品和除浊效果的影响当Ｆｅ／Ｓｉ摩尔比为１．５时产品稳定性和除浊效果均较好。     

Preparation of PFS coagulant by sectionalized reactor

The oxidation rate of ferrous sulfate is investigated for the preparation of polyferric sulfate(PFS)coagulant.In is proved that this reaction is zero order with respect to Fe^2 ,first order with respect to NO2(g),and first order with respect to the interface area between gas phase and liquid phase.According to this mechanism,sectionalized reactor(SR) is used in place of traditional reactor(TR),and the liquid of reaction mixture is recycled by pump.As a result,not only the flow path of reaction liquid is prolonged,but also gas-liquid contact area enlarged,and the reaction distinctly accelerated,compared with traditional reactor.The effects of parameters including temperature,acidity and others on the reaction rate are also discussed.     

钢铁废水混凝处理试验研究

通过某钢铁公司废水处理研究试验,采用不同混凝剂和阴阳离子型聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)助凝剂,对不同时间段的废水进行混凝试验,确定最佳加药量和最佳混凝剂。试验表明,硫酸铝对油、全铁和COD等的去除率相对较高,且具有不需投加助凝剂PAM、适用性强等优点。     

我国环境法律效力体系与司法救济途径探讨

我国在现代化进程中存在着日益严重的环境问题,环境法治显得尤为迫切,而法治的前提必须是建立科学、完善的法律效力体系。文中归纳了我国环境法律效力体系,解析环境法治存在的主要问题,并探讨公民环境权利司法救济的途径。     

废纸造纸废水处理方法研究与工程应用

介绍了采用微滤+混凝沉淀处理废纸造纸废水的研究和工程实例。试验结果和工程实践证明,该工艺SS去除率达90%以上,COD去除率达85%以上,处理出水水质能达到国家排放标准(GB3544-2001),且具有设备简单、运行稳定、操作方便、成本低等特点。     

新型混凝剂SLB的制备及应用

新型混凝剂SLB是将聚铝和阳离子改性淀粉在一定条件下直接复配而成的一种无机-有机复合型混凝剂，通过对炼油厂及钠土污水的混凝处理实验，反映出SLB具有较好的净化效果。此外，SLB原料易得，成本低，有广阔的应用前景。