ACUTE RESIDUAL TOXICITY OF SEVERAL DISINFECTANTS IN DOMESTIC AND INDUSTRIAL WASTE WATER1

ABSTRACT: This study determined the acute toxicity of waste water disinfected with chlorine, bromine chloride, or ozone. The residual toxicity of effluent dechlorinated with sulfur dioxide was also tested. Toxicity tests were conducted with cyprinid, salmonid, and centrarchid fishes, as well as several species of fresh water macroinvertebrates. Residual chlorine exhibited the greatest toxicity of the disinfectants tested; dechlorination with sulfur dioxide effectively eliminated the toxicity of chlorinated effluent. Residual ozone produced mortality in test animals only under special conditions where subjects were exposed to effluent immediately after it was contacted with ozone, and chlorobrominated effluent was more toxic to salmonids than chlorinated effluent.     

合流制雨水泵站溢流污水消毒试验研究

论述了合流制排水系统污水溢流消毒处理的必要性。提出采用粪大肠杆菌群数≤104个/L作为污水消毒的卫生学指标。试验结果表明,达到CSO紧急消毒要求的几种氧化性消毒剂最佳投加量为次氯酸钠30mg/L,次氯酸钙25mg/L,二氧化氯20mg/L(均以有效氯计);二氧化氯>次氯酸钙>次氯酸钠>双氧水。     

饮水中非挥发性有机污染物致突变性的防治对策

针对饮水致突变物的主要成因研究了减少饮水致突变活性的措施。结果表明：进厂源水生物膜预处理,可使致突变前体物,如藻、腐殖酸、总有机碳等含量分别减少68.2％、23.9％、37.2％,使水厂加氯量减少50％,最终使所制饮水的致突变件减少30％。改革加氯消毒方法可使饮水致突变活性降低,不同消毒剂所致致突变活性顺序为Cl₂＞ClO₂Cl₂＋ClO₂＞源水,Cl₂＋ClO₂等量联合消毒优于单一加氯消毒法,既可提高所试甲型肝炎病毒、脊髓灰质炎病毒及大肠杆菌ｆ₂噬菌体的灭活效果一至数倍;又可使饮水中CHCl₃,减少91.5％－96.5％,致突变活性减少27.6％。     

Prymnesium parvum Control Treatments For Fish Hatcheries1

Barkoh, Aaron, Dennis G. Smith, and Gregory M. Southard, 2010. Prymnesium parvum Control Treatments for Fish Hatcheries. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(1):161-169. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2009.00400.x Abstract: In 2001, the ichthyotoxic microalga Prymnesium parvum caused massive fish kills and adversely affected fish production at the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department (TPWD) Dundee State Fish Hatchery. Since then, we have investigated several P. parvum bloom and ichthyotoxicity control treatments to develop management strategies that allow fish production and prevent the spread of the alga into unaffected hatcheries and impoundments. Current control successes include treatments for ponds, water supply, and a hazard analysis and critical control point program. For pond treatment, ammonium sulfate (as 0.14-0.25 mg/l un-ionized ammonia nitrogen for temperatures above 15°C), copper sulfate (2 mg/l), Cutrine^®-Plus (0.2-0.4 mg/l as copper), or potassium permanganate (3 mg/l above the potassium permanganate demand) controls P. parvum blooms. Copper sulfate at 1 mg/l controls P. parvum but is unable to eliminate ichthyotoxicity whereas potassium permanganate at 2 mg/l above the potassium permanganate demand controls ichthyotoxicity. For water treatment, ultraviolet (UV) light at 193-220 mJ/cm² doses or ozone at 0.4-1.2 mg/l for 6 min destroy P. parvum cells and reduce or eliminate ichthyotoxicity. A combination UV and ozone treatment appears to provide the best results; however, successful treatments depend on dosage relative to cell density and toxin concentration. To prevent the spread of the alga, hatchery fish delivery units and equipment are cleaned with household bleach (10% solution for 15 minutes) or hydrogen peroxide (62.5-12,500 mg/l for 0.25-24 hours). These treatments are tailored to water quality conditions and the fish species cultured at affected TPWD hatcheries. We recommend that other users test these treatments before applying them to ponds or other impoundments containing fish or other aquatic life.     

In vitro activity of antimicrobial agents against Pseudomonas tolaasii,pathogen of cultivated button mushroom

In vitro antibacterial activity tests of seven biofungicides (Ekstrasol, Bisolbisan, Bisolbifit, Serenade, Sonata, Timorex, F-Stop) and two disinfectants (colloidal silver alone and in combination with hydrogen peroxide) against the Pseudomonas tolaasii strain (NS3B6) were carried out by the disc-diffusion, broth microdilution and broth macrodilution method. Biofungicides tested in this study did not exhibit any antimicrobial activity in neither one of the methods used. Disc diffusion method revealed high sensitivity of the tested P. tolaasii strain to Ecocute based on colloidal silver and hydrogen peroxide. Both microdilution and macrodilution methods identified the same MICs and MBCs of Ecocute (0.19 mg/L) for P. tolaasii strain. MICs and MBCs values of silver alone were much higher (10 mg/L) compared to silver in combination with hydrogen peroxide.     

ACUTE RESIDUAL TOXICITY OF SEVERAL WASTEWATER DISINFECTANTS TO AQUATIC LIFE1

ABSTRACT: This study was conducted to determine the comparative acute toxicity of chlorine, bromine chloride and ozone in wastewater, and to determine any acute toxicity associated with chlorinated wastewater which had been dechlorinated with sulfur dioxide. Toxicity tests were conducted with several species of cyprinids, salmonids and centrarchids, and the freshwater macroinvertebrate, Daphnia magna. Chlorinated effluent exhibited the greatest potential for residual toxicity of any disinfected stream tested. The reduced residual toxicity of chlorobrominated or ozonated effluent was largely the result of the more rapid dissipation of these disinfectants in wastewater. The acute residual toxicity of chlorinated effluent was eliminated by dechlorination with sulfur dioxide.     

再生水做景观用水使用含氯消毒剂消毒的副产物及安全性

再生水消毒后主要作为城市杂用水利用,消毒副产物及其毒性的研究非常重要.在浓度为 5～8 mg/L 的消毒剂(ClO2、HClO)量下,灭菌率能够达到 100%.2 种消毒体系均产生少量ClO2-、ClO3-和CHCl3,对检验用水生生物未产生毒性.适当的选择消毒剂浓度,控制反应条件,能够实现再生水的安全回用.     

ABR发酵产氢系统的控制运行及产氢效能

以稀释糖蜜为原料,通过分阶段提高进水COD的方法,考察了四格式、总有效容积为28.75L厌氧折流板反应器(ABR)的发酵产氢效能和运行特性.结果表明,以好氧和厌氧活性污泥的混合物接种,在水力停留时间(HRT)24h、进水pH为5.3～6.8和35℃等条件下,进水COD从500mg.L-1逐渐提高到6000mg.L-1左右,ABR可在63d内培育出具有产甲烷功能的微生物群落体系,并达到稳定运行状态.此时,4个格室中的液相末端产物以乙酸和丁酸为主,均呈现丁酸型发酵特征,系统的COD平均去除率为37.6%,平均产氢量为3.2L.d-1,去除单位COD的比产氢率平均为45.29L.kg-1(以COD计).随着进水COD的提高,ABR及各格室的运行特征也随之发生变化,在进水COD提高到8000mg.L-1并达到运行稳定状态时,后3个格室中仍有产甲烷活性的残留;前3个格室表现为乙醇型发酵,而最后1个格室的丁酸型发酵特征则得到加强;系统对COD的平均去除率降低为15.4%,平均产氢量和去除单位COD的产氢能力分别提高到12.85L.d-1和360.22L.kg-1(以COD计);由于诸如产甲烷菌和同型产乙酸菌的耗氢活性未被有效抑制,ABR的产氢效能受到了严重影响,虽然总产气速率和活性污泥的比产气率分别达到了61.54L.d-1和232L.kg-.1d-1(以MLVSS计),但总产氢速率和活性污泥的比产氢率分别仅为12.85L.d-1和48L.kg-1.d-1(以MLVSS计).     

含氯消毒剂与多类农药的反应活性研究

为了研究农药在饮用水消毒过程中的降解情况,选择了8类使用广泛或者在水源中已检测出有残留的农药,研究其与普遍使用的3种含氯消毒剂(自由氯、氯胺和二氧化氯)的反应活性.实验结果表明,在农药浓度为5μmol/L(少数除外),消毒剂与农药摩尔比为200:1,pH 6.58-6.84,温度25±3℃的条件下,自由氯与除草定、乐果、涕灭威、涕灭威亚砜和灭虫威这5种农药反应很快,在2 min内就将其完全降解,杀线威在60 min内降解了98%;一氯胺只与涕灭威、灭虫威有很高的反应活性,分别在1 min和4 min内将2种农药降解完毕;二氧化氯可以在10 min内完全降解除草定,反应120 min后对涕灭威和灭虫威的降解率分别为75%和81%.3种消毒剂与其他种类农药的反应活性都很低.因此,在使用这3种消毒剂进行饮用水消毒处理时,只能有效降解(或转化)少数种类的农药,而大多数种类的农药将可能维持其化学结构,进入供水管网.     

The formation kinetics and control of biofilms by three dominant fungi species isolated from groundwater

Filamentous fungi can enter drinking water supply systems in various ways, and exist in suspended or sessile states which threatens the health of individuals by posing a high risk of invasive infections. In this study, the biofilms formation kinetics of the three genera of fungal spores, Aspergillus niger (A. niger), Penicillium polonicum (P. polonicum) and Trichoderma harzianum (T. harzianum) isolated from the groundwater were reported, as well as the effects of water quality parameters were evaluated. In addition, the efficiency of low- concentrations of chlorine-based disinfectants (chlorine, chlorine dioxide and chloramine) on controlling the formation of fungal biofilms was assessed. The results showed that the biofilms formation of the three genera of fungi could be divided into the following four phases: induction, exponential, stationary and sloughing off. The optimum conditions for fungal biofilms formation were found to be neutral or weakly acidic at 28 °C with rich nutrition. In fact, A. niger, P. polonicum, and T. harzianum were not observed to form mature biofilms in actual groundwater within 120 hr. Carbon was found to have the maximum effect on the fungal biofilms formation in actual groundwater, followed by nitrogen and phosphorus. The resistance of fungal species to disinfectants during the formation of biofilms decreased in the order: A. niger > T. harzianum > P. polonicum. Chlorine dioxide was observed to control the biofilms formation with maximum efficiency, followed by chlorine and chloramine. Consequently, the results of this study will provide a beneficial understanding for the formation and control of fungal biofilms.