新吹填软土地基复式负压固结技术开发

新吹填土含泥量大、含水率大、渗透性差、零承载力,常规地基处理工法无法开展,地基处理面临诸多困难。针对该问题,提出了复式负压固结技术,该技术包括3道工序:改性真空预压、电渗降水和强夯动力固结。改性真空预压使地基得到初步固结,具备一定强度,为后序工作做准备;电渗降水可有效降低夯前地下水位和土体含水率,并促进夯后超孔隙水压力的消散;电渗降水和强夯动力固结多遍耦合,共同对吹填土进行地基加固。现场开展了复式负压固结技术工艺试验、土性试验和沉降变形监测。结果表明,应用于吹填泥的地基处理,改性真空预压可快速提高承载力,电渗法可迅速降低地下水位,有效避免强夯时"弹簧土"现象的发生,从而提高了最佳夯击能。复式负压固结技术可以有效地应用于新吹填软土地基。     

造纸污泥的电渗透脱水效果

采用电渗透脱水技术对经过带式压滤后的制浆造纸混合污泥进行深度脱水,考察了机械压力、电压梯度和污泥厚度对污泥电渗透脱水效果与能耗的影响。结果表明,机械压力从25 kPa升至76 kPa时,脱水效果也会随之提高,但是继续增大机械压力对脱水效果的提高作用就会变得不明显;随着电压梯度的增加,脱水效果会有明显的升高,但是能耗也会相应地增加;电压梯度恒定为30 V/cm且污泥厚度从0.35 cm增加到1.40 cm时,脱水效果和能耗都会相应地增加。对于所有的电脱水实验,当污泥的含水率从74.85%降至60%时所需要的能耗均在0.14～0.28 kWh/kg去除水之间。综合考虑脱水效果和能耗,可认为最优脱水条件是：机械压力为76 kPa,电压梯度为30 V/cm,污泥厚度为0.7 cm。     

电渗法对太湖环保疏浚底泥脱水干化研究

利用粘土颗粒带有负电荷,而其中水分子显示正极性的特性,采用电渗的方法在环保疏浚底泥中通入电流,使得带有极性的水分子向阴极流动,从而达到对底泥脱水的效果.利用电渗法对太湖环保疏浚底泥进行脱水研究,分析其含水率随时间的变化、出水量与能耗的相关关系,以及其影响因素和优化方案.试验表明,经过240 h的电渗法脱水之后,底泥的含水率从开始的38.72%降至32.85%,可在较短时间内脱去底泥中的水分;电渗效果受底泥含水率、电压梯度、电极的耐腐蚀性、电极布置方式的影响;改善电极材料有利于提高电渗效率和降低能耗.在对不同电极布置方式的比较中发现,排形电极比环形电极更有利于排出底泥中的水分.通过对电渗试验的经济分析得出,电渗法进行环保疏浚底泥脱水的工程费用约为4.29元/m3原状土.      

双控动力固结法加固软粘土地基的应用研究

饱和软粘土含水率大、渗透性差,强夯处理时,超孔隙水压力不易消散,常规的排水措施效果不佳,而电渗降水已经被证明是一种有效的软粘土排水措施。本文提出了将电渗降水和强夯法相结合的地基处理方法——双控动力固结法,进行了双控动力固结法的处理试验,并与不降水强夯法和井点降水强夯法进行对比分析。结果表明,电渗法可迅速降低地下水位和地基土含水量,有效避免"弹簧土"的产生,提高单点夯最佳夯击能;可有效抑制夯后超孔隙水压力的急剧上升,并促进超孔隙水压力快速消散;在降水速度和土性改良方面,电渗降水优于井点降水。因此,应用双控动力固结法处理软粘土,有着很显著的加固效果。     

电压强度对污泥电脱水效能及滤液有机物特征的影响

为优化污泥电脱水过程控制及明确其关键影响因素,考察了不同电压强度（0、15、35和55 V）对污泥电脱水效果的影响,并基于三维荧光光谱和分子质量分布的分析,研究了阴阳两极滤液中溶解性有机物的含量和组分变化。研究结果表明,随着电压强度增加,污泥脱水效果得到提升,在55 V电压强度下,阳极脱除滤液量相较于无电压作用下的48 mL增加到60 mL,阴极滤液量由对照的90 mL增加到102 mL。电场的作用可使污泥絮体中蛋白质类大分子有机物向阴极迁移。因此,电场辅助具有提升机械压滤脱水效果的作用,这种作用与电场作用下污泥絮体中蛋白质类有机物的迁移有关,并且,电压越强,这种作用越显著。而蛋白质的迁移导致其对水分子的束缚以及絮体间的静电平衡的改变,可能是污泥机械脱水效率得到提升的重要原因。     

Magnetic micro-particle conditioning–pressurized vertical electro-osmotic dewatering (MPEOD) of activated sludge: Role and behavior of moisture and organics

In this study, a magnetic micro-particle conditioning–pressurized vertical electro-osmotic dewatering (MPEOD) process with magnetic micro-particle conditioning–drainage under gravity–mechanical compression–electrical compression (MMPC–DG–MC–EC) stages was established to study the distribution and migration of water, extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), and other organic matter in the activated sludge (AS) matrix at each stage. Results showed that the MPEOD process could attain 53.52% water content (WC) in dewatered AS with bound water (BW) and free water (FW) reduction rates of 82.97% and 99.67%, respectively. The coagulation and time-delayed magnetic field effects of magnetic micro-particles (MMPs) along the MMPC–DG–MC stages initiated the transformation of partial BW to FW in AS. EC had a coupling driving effect of electro-osmosis and pressure on BW, and the changes in pH and temperature at EC stage induced the aggregation of AS flocs and the release of partial BW. Additionally, MMPs dosing further improved the dewatering performance of AS by acting as skeleton builders to provide water passages. Meanwhile, MMPs could disintegrate sludge cells and EPS fractions, thereby reducing tryptophan-like protein and byproduct-like material concentrations in LB-EPS as well as protein/polysaccharide ratio in AS matrix, which could improve AS filterability. At EC stage, the former four Ex/Em regions of fluorescence regional integration analysis for EPS were obviously reduced, especially the protein-like substances in LB- and TB-EPS, which contributed to improvement of AS dewaterability.