漓江流域δD和δ18O对蒸发的指示作用

以漓江流域为例查明不同水体之间氢氧稳定同位素组成特征,并探讨氢氧稳定同位素对漓江流域的蒸发过程指示作用.结果表明：流域内不同水体之间,氢氧稳定同位素表现出不同的组成特征,地表水和地下水,在丰水期δD值和δ¹⁸O值要比枯水期更容易富集,地下水的δD值和δ¹⁸O值分布范围较地表水小;随着水温的升高,δ¹⁸O的变化趋势比d-excess明显.从漓江上游到下游高程逐渐下降,河水线的斜率和截距也在逐渐减小,其中漓江下游河水线的斜率和截距要低于当地大气降水线,表明下游受到蒸发作用较强烈;地下河水线、地表河水线在一定程度上偏离当地大气降水线,但偏离程度较小,表明三者之间有很好的水力联系.受温度和湿度的共同影响,漓江干流丰水期河水的蒸发量占最初水体总量的0.7%~9.1%,枯水期河水的蒸发量占最初水体总量的2.6%~9.7%,丰水期的蒸发比例低于枯水期,从上游到下游蒸发比例在逐渐上升.研究区蒸发量估算值为959.40mm,与多年实测值少43.11mm,相对误差4.70%.氢氧稳定同位素对研究区降水、地表水、地下水之间的转换规律具有重要的实际意义,在今后的漓江流域水文研究中有着更加广阔的空间.     

Ecological Risk Assessment of Abandoned Shrimp Ponds in Southern Thailand

The potential ecological risks associated with contaminants from 15 abandoned shrimp ponds in southern Thailand were assessed at the screening level. Shrimp ponds reported as out of production for more than 2 years were selected as sampling sites. The assessment endpoint was identified as the protection of aquatic life from hazard of multiple agents or stressors in water or sediment from the ponds. The measurement endpoints were amount of toxic phytoplankton species, Yellow Head Viruses, SEMB viruses, oxytetracycline, cadmium, copper, and manganese. Data from field measurements and laboratory analyses obtained primarily from April to June 2003 were used in the risk analysis. The results showed that insignificant amounts of stressors were present, except for the metals. So, only concentration values of the metals were used in the calculation of hazard quotients (HQ) for risk characterization. The highest potential ecological risk characterized by the highest HQ value observed for each metal was 19 for manganese, 4.3 for cadmium, and 1.8 for copper. These findings indicated a need for further ecological risk assessment at a more detailed level to focus on the bioavailability and effects of metals from abandoned shrimp farms, with manganese the highest priority.     

飞机喷洒农药的损失分析

通过田间试验，对装配ＧＰ－８１扁扇型喷头的运５飞机在水稻和棉花上喷洒农药中的药液损失进行了分析，同时讨论了２，４－Ｄ丁酯对敏感作物的影响。结果表明，一元三次方程Ｙ＝ｂ０＋ｂ１ｘ２＋ｂ２ｘ＾２＋ｂ３ｘ＾３能很好地描述药液飘移与下风距离的关系，方程中的参数具有明确的实验意义；２，４－Ｄ丁酰对７００ｍ下风距离内的向日葵类高敏感植物有明显药害，对３５０ｍ范围内的大豆等中等敏感植物也有药害；药液由于飘移和蒸     

黄河流域近40年蒸发皿蒸发量的气候变化特征

利用黄河流域及其周边123个气象站1961～2000年20cm口径蒸发皿资料,分析了黄河流域蒸发皿蒸发量的气候变化趋势。结果表明,就整个流域平均而言,尽管在1960～2000年期间,黄河流域年平均温度升高了0.6℃,但蒸发皿蒸发量却呈明显下降趋势,黄河流域年蒸发皿蒸发量在20世纪80～90年代较60～70年代下降了136mm,下降幅度为7.5%;蒸发皿蒸发量的下降主要表现在夏季和春季,秋季和冬季不明显。对蒸发皿蒸发量气候变化的空间分析表明,局部区域与整个流域的气候变化趋势并不完全同步,黄河流域上游和下游蒸发皿蒸发量呈下降趋势,中游呈持平并略有上升趋势。     

QUALITY OF HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL DATA IN COLD REGIONS1

ABSTRACT: Many users of hydrometeorological records are not aware of the number of inconsistencies and biases that occur in hydrometeorological records. Examples are presented illustrating how the exposures of sites for measurement of precipitation, wind, snow on the ground, and evaporation determine to a large extent how useful the records are for estimating areal conditions. For areas where precipitation in the form of snow produces a significant portion of the runoff, a smaller number of quality records may be more valuable for modeling than a much larger number of records of lower quality. Information is presented to show that the overall value of an operational hydrometeorological network is dependent upon how consistent and representative of average conditions the collected records are, especially for mountainous areas in cold regions.     

硅藻土负载型非均相芬顿催化剂制备及其降解苯酚的实验研究

以硅藻土为载体,采用直接蒸发法负载铁的氧化物,制备了一种新型负载型非均相芬顿催化剂,通过SEM、EDS和XRD等对催化剂进行了表征,并以苯酚去除率考察了催化剂性能。结果表明:铁氧化物可成功负载于硅藻土上;催化剂制备时最优铁离子浓度和固液质量比分别为0.5 mol/L和1∶10;催化剂重复使用性高,耐酸碱性良好,对苯酚的去除率可达99%以上。催化剂利用了硅藻土优异的物化性质,对难降解有机废水具有良好的应用前景。     

汽油在西北黄土上吸附特性的研究

通过动力学和热力学吸附实验,研究了汽油在西北地区黄土上的吸附行为,同时研究了提取的天然腐植酸对汽油在黄土上吸附行为的影响.结果表明,汽油在黄土上的吸附在6h内达到平衡.无论是否加入腐植酸,汽油在黄土上的吸附动力学过程均符合Elovich方程,其热力学吸附符合Freundlich方程.腐植酸的存在使汽油在黄土上的吸附能力减小.反应温度从25℃升高到45 C,汽油在土壤上的饱和吸附量从6.300mg·g-1减小到1.365 mg·g-1,表明汽油在黄土上的吸附属于放热反应.溶液pH和土壤粒径的增大,均不利于汽油在黄土上的吸附,溶液pH和土壤粒径越大,其在黄土上的吸附量越小.另外,在室温下对吸附了汽油的土壤样品和纯汽油挥发行为的研究表明,吸附了汽油的土壤样品的汽油挥发比纯汽油慢,其挥发率与时间成对数关系.     

Identification of key factors governing chemistry in groundwater near the water course recharged by reclaimed water at Miyun County, Northern China

Reclaimed water was successfully used to recover the dry Chaobai River in Northern China, but groundwater may be polluted. To ensure groundwater protection, it is therefore critical to identify the governing factors of groundwater chemistry. Samples of reclaimed water, river and groundwater were collected monthly at Chaobai River from January to September in 2010. Fifteen water parameters were analyzed. Two kinds of reclaimed water were different in type (Na-Ca-Mg-Cl-HCO3 or Na-Ca-Cl-HCO3 ) and concentration of nitrogen. The ionic concentration and type in river were similar to reclaimed water. Some shallow wells near the river bed had the same type (Na-Ca-Mg-Cl-HCO3 ) and high concentration as reclaimed water, but others were consistent with the deep wells (Ca-Mg-HCO3 ). Using cluster analysis, the 9 months were divided into two periods (dry and wet seasons), and all samples were grouped into several spatial clusters, indicating different controlling mechanisms. Principal component analysis and conventional ionic plots showed that calcium, magnesium and bicarbonate were controlled by water-rock interaction in all deep and some shallow wells. This included the dissolution of calcite and carbonate weathering. Sodium, potassium, chloride and sulfate in river and some shallow wells recharged by river were governed by evaporation crystallization and mixing of reclaimed water. But groundwater chemistry was not controlled by precipitation. During the infiltration of reclaimed water, cation exchange took place between (sodium, potassium) and (calcium, magnesium). Nitrification and denitrification both happened in most shallow groundwater, but only denitrification in deep groundwater.     

Cladocerans under conditions of small river damming by man and beavers

In beaver ponds, the species diversity, abundance, biomass, and production of cladocerans and the amount of food consumed by them have increased and the composition of dominant species has changed as compared to those in the stretches of small rivers with running water or dammed by man. The stimulating effect of water from a beaver pond has been confirmed in laboratory experiments. The average number of juvenile Ceriodaphnia affinis produced by one female was considerably greater in this water than in the water from flowing and dammed (by man) river stretches.     

含汞原料中汞挥发速率的测试方法研究

以PVC行业废汞触媒、糊式锌锰电池浆液、含汞锌膏为原料,采用动力通量箱法测试其挥发速率,研究了最佳试验操作条件。结果表明:通量箱气体流速在0.5 L/min以下,采用两级大型气泡吸收管吸收挥发汞时效率可达99%以上,增加1次空白测量可测得通量箱壁汞吸附量。