有机氯农药六六六污染土壤的植物修复研究

我国20世纪六七十年代大量施用的有机氯农药,由于其性质极其稳定,在土壤至今仍有残留。植物修复有机农药污染土壤并不多见,但具有广阔的应用前景。此项研究对提高土壤环境质量、保证农产品的安全、实现农业可持续发展等有着重要的理论和现实意义。文章以多花黑麦草(Lolium multiforum Lan.)、紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.)和籽粒苋(Amaranthus hypochondriacus L.)作为供试植物,在有机氯农药六六六(HCH)质量分数为1.09 mg.kg-1的污染土壤中种植3个月,研究了种植不同植物条件下土壤中HCH的消解情况。研究结果表明,与对照相比,种植植物大大提高了土壤中微生物数量和酶的活性,并且微生物的数量和酶的活性与土壤中HCH的消解密切相关。试验结束后,不同处理中HCH及其4种异构体的总含量降低幅度为43.87%~65.79%,其中种植紫花苜蓿和多花黑麦草的处理中HCH消解较快,对HCH污染土壤修复的效果较好。可见,植物修复技术是一种可行的环境友好的修复六六六污染土壤的技术。     

Intrinsic and Stimulated In Situ Biodegradation of Hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH)

The feasibility of the biodegradation of HCH and its intermediates has been investigated. A recent characterisation of two sites in The Netherlands has shown intrinsic biodegradation of HCH. At one site, breakdown products (monochlorobenzene, benzene and chlorophenol) were found in the core of the HCH-plume, whereas the HCH-concentration decreased over time and space. Characterisation of a second, industrial site indicated less intrinsic biodegradation and the need to stimulate biodegradation. In the laboratory, enhanced HCH degradation was tested with soil and groundwater material from both sites, and the required conversion to the intermediates benzene and monochlorobenzene was demonstrated. Furthermore, the biodegradation of these intermediates could be initiated by adding low amounts of oxygen (<5%). Adding nitrate enhanced this degradation. We hypothesise that this occurs through anaerobic nitrate reducing conversion of oxidised intermediates.At the non-industrial other site, intrinsic degradation took place, as shown in the laboratory experiments. Interpretation of the field data with computer codes Modflow and RT3D was performed. As a result of the modelling study, it has been proposed to monitor natural attenuation for several years before designing the final approach.At the industrial site, the results of the batch experiments are applied. Anaerobic HCH degradation to monochlorobenzene and benzene is stimulated via the addition of an electron donor.Infiltration facilities have been installed at the site to create an anaerobic infiltration zone in which HCH will be degraded, and these facilities are combined with the redevelopment of the site.     

Seasonal variation of organochlorine contaminants in bonito (Sarda sarda L. 1758) and anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus L. 1758) in Black Sea region, Turkey

The concentrations of indicator polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine insecticides were determined in bonito (Sardasarda L. 1758) and anchovy (Engraulisencrasicolus L. 1758) from the Black Sea, Turkey. Concentrations of total indicator PCBs ranged between <1-17.0 in bonito, and <1-17.5 ng/g fresh weight in anchovy, and total of 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis-chlorophenyl-ethane and its metabolites’ (DDTs) concentrations ranged between 13.4-26.3, and 2.96-19.0 ng/g fresh weight in bonito and anchovy respectively. PCB 52, p,p′-DDE and endosulfan (α + β) were found dominant in both of the fish species. Except endosulfan, and some DDT metabolites, none of the studied organochlorine pesticides was detected in the fish samples. Concentrations of PCBs in anchovy were found higher than those in bonito, whereas DDT and endosulfan concentrations were found similar in both of the fish species. All of the fish samples had residue concentrations below the maximum residue limits (MRL) recommended by FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius Commission.     

松叶中有机氯农药HCH、DDT的研究

利用气相色谱-电子捕获检测(GC-ECD)方法对我国华北、华东、华南和西南地区松叶中六六六(HCH)和滴滴涕(DDT)的残留量进行了测定,结果表明,松叶中HCH 4种异构体(a,b,g,d)的含量以b-HCH为最高,占HCH总量的38%～46%.HCH、DDT和滴滴伊(DDE)的含量范围分别为24.7～35.5ng/g干重,2.4～7.0ng/g干重,2.4～2.8ng/g干重.DDE的含量趋势为华北>华东>华南>西南.总HCH为华东>华北>华南>西南.华北和华东地区DDE/DDT>1,华南和西南地区DDE/DDT<1,这表明在华南和西南地区大气中新近有DDT的输入.     

Distribution and health risk assessment of organochlorine pesticides （OCPs） in industrial site soils： A case study of urban renewal in Beijing, China

A field survey was conducted in a contaminated industrial site of southern Beijing,China to investigate the contents and distribution of the organochlorine pesticides(α-,β-,γ-,δ-HCH,p,p-DDT,p,p-DDE,p,p-DDD and o,p-DDT) in the profiles of soil,and a health risk assessment was carried out with CalTOX multimedia exposure model.Results showed that mean concentrations of total hexachlorocyclohexane isomers(HCHs) and total dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane isomers(DDXs) in soils were in the range of 13.20-148.71 mg...     

长江口滨岸潮滩动物体中PCBs和OCPs的分布

利用GC-ECD对长江口滨岸潮滩中动物进行研究,分析了PCBs和OCPs(DDTs和HCHs)的含量分布.结果表明PCBs含量水平为43.7～1260.4ng/g,均值为342.5ng/g;DDTs为1.5～159.4ng/g,均值为33.7ng/g;HCHs为0.9～77.0ng/g,均值为13.0ng/g.从空间上看,同种动物对不同污染物的累积和同种污染物在不同动物体内的累积均无明显的规律,但同属种样品则有雄性个体污染物含量高于雌性个体、小个体高于大个体的规律.对动物体内POPs污染进行了初步评价,结果显示:该区动物均不同程度地受到污染,污染已达中等水平.     

六六六在饲养鸡体内的残留水平

用气相色谱-电子捕获器法测定了北京郊区某养鸡场不同生长期的饲养鸡的肌肉、表皮、肝脏、胃、心脏以及鸡蛋、饲料和粪便中HCH的残留浓度.分析结果表明,饲养鸡体内肌肉、表皮、肝脏、胃和心脏的∑HCH湿重浓度分别为(0.35±0.37)、(3.91±2.52)、(1.78±1.26)、(1.00±0.85)和(1.35±0.75)ng/g,脂标化浓度分别为(64.3±171)、(19.6±7.33)、(64.9±27.2)、(74.5±74.1)和(17.8±4.42)ng/g,远低于国家<食品中农药残留最大限量>标准.肝脏∑HCH脂标化浓度显著高于其他器官,而未观察到HCH各异构体残留水平在肌肉、表皮、心脏与胃之间具有显著差别.除饲料、胃和粪便内各HCH异构体成分中以δ-HCH为主外,β-HCH是鸡体内与鸡蛋中残留最高的异构体.β-HCH在鸡体内各器官都体现出富集的特性,肝脏对除δ-HCH以外的3种异构体也都体现出显著的富集特性.对成年绿柴鸡(雄)和绿壳蛋鸡(雌)样品中HCHs残留水平的对比分析显示,雄性较雌性具有更强的HCHs富集能力.     

Residues of organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticides in sugarcane crop soils and river water

The presence of residual organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticides was evaluated at different periods of sugarcane cultivation in agricultural soil and water samples from the town of Tlaltizapan, which is located in the state of Morelos in Mexico, to determine the presence and persistence of these compounds and their possible effects on the region. The compounds p,p′-DDE, p,p′-DDD (metabolites of p,p′-DDT), γ-HCH and heptachlor were found in more of 95% of the sampling zones in the three monitoring periods performed along 2 years. The highest concentration detected (129.6 μg/kg _{dry soil}) was for α-HCH, but its frequency of detection was ～5%. The low detection frequency of α-HCH and the high concentration values of γ-HCH indicate the repeated use of technical-grade HCH and Lindane (γ-HCH) in the region. Among the organophosphorus pesticides, ethyl parathion was the compound with the highest soil concentration, at ～2000 μg/kg_{dry soil}, during the initial monitoring. However, this compound was detected in the second monitoring with a concentration of ～4 μg/kg_{dry soil}, but it was not detected in the third, indicating that is was not accumulated in the environment. The heptachlor was the compound most commonly found in all water samples, within a range of 0.45–1.25 ng/L. The presence of this organochlorine compound in the water samples indicated a possible migration from the soil to water bodies due to soil erosion. The presence of organophosphorus compounds was not detected in the water samples, which could be attributed to the moderate persistence of these compounds and their consequent degradation before arriving at the water bodies.     

Studies on the distribution op β‐ and γ‐isombrs op hexachlorocyclohexane in rat tissues

Abstract

A study of the comparitlve distribution pattern of β‐ and γ‐isomers of hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) in albino rat tissues as a function of duration of treatment at two dose levels revealed different accumulation patterns for the two isomers in tissues. In general, the accumulation pattern was found to be in the order: fat > kidney > lungs > liver > muscle > heart > spleen > brain > blood for β‐HCH and fat > brain > kidney > muscle > lungs > heart > spleen > liver > blood for γ‐HCH. The tissue accumulation of β‐isomer was always greater than that of γ‐isomer in any tissue except in brain. Brain β‐HCH residue levels were relatively lower than in many other tissues except blood, whereas brain γ‐HCH concentration was only next to fat. A higher dose or a longer period of treatment generally produced a more marked elevation of tissue residue levels in β‐HCH fed rats, but not in γ‐HCH treated animals.

Food restriction subsequent to a period of exposure to dietary β‐ or γ‐HCH caused a mobilization of depot fat without drastic redistribution of the HCH residues stored in it. During food restriction, the residue levels in fat and muscle increased much. The residue levels in brain and other organs were not adversely affected during partial starvation.     

松嫩平原西部农田径流中有机氯农药的分布特征

松嫩平原西部水田回归水、旱田地表径流中BHC、DDT主要异构体或代谢物的可溶态、颗粒吸附态的分析表明,回归水中BHC、DDT的含量均较低,BHC以β-BHC为主,占73.5%～99.5%,呈β＞α＞γ＞δ规律;DDT中仅检出p,p'-DDT.BHC(β-BHC除外)、DDT以溶解态为主,悬浮颗粒物的粒径大小是影响回归水中农药含量的重要因素;悬浮物中DDT的生态风险很低,而BHC有潜在的生态风险.