Determination of 27 pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in water: The benefit of isotope dilution

• Isotope dilution method was developed for the determination of 27 PPCPs in water. • The established method was successfully applied to different types of water samples. • The correction effect of corresponding 27 ILSs over 70 d was investigated. • Benefit of isotopic dilution method was illustrated for three examples. Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) are a unique group of emerging and non-persistent contaminants. In this study, 27 PPCPs in various water samples were extracted by solid phase extraction (SPE), and determined by isotope dilution method using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem triple quadruple mass spectrometer (LC-MS/MS). A total of 27 isotopically labeled standards (ILSs) were applied to correct the concentration of PPCPs in spiked ultrapure water, drinking water, river, effluent and influent sewage. The corrected recoveries were 73%–122% with the relative standard deviation (RSD)<16%, except for acetaminophen. The matrix effect for all kinds of water samples was<22% and the method quantitation limits (MQLs) were 0.45–8.6 ng/L. The developed method was successfully applied on environmental water samples. The SPE extracts of spiked ultrapure water, drinking water, river and wastewater effluent were stored for 70 days, and the ILSs-corrected recoveries of 27 PPCPs were obtained to evaluate the correction ability of ILSs in the presence of variety interferences. The recoveries of 27 PPCPs over 70 days were within the scope of 72%–140% with the recovery variation<37% in all cases. The isotope dilution method seems to be of benefit when the extract has to be stored for long time before the instrument analysis.     

14C‐labeled aflatoxin B1 prepared with yeastlike cultures of Aspergillus parasiticus

Abstract

A simple method was developed to produce ¹⁴C‐labeled aflatoxin B₁ by using the yeastlike phase of Aspergillus parasiticus NRRL 2999. Yeastlike cultures resulted from absence of manganese in a synthetic medium. Sodium acetate‐1‐¹⁴C had a 0.22% average incorporation; sodium acetate‐1,2‐¹⁴C, 0.70%. The average yield of labeled B₁ was 10 mg/500 ml medium with an average specific activity of either 63.3 mCi/mole (C‐l label) or 194.3 mCi/mole (C‐1, 2 label).     

Evaluation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains as probiotic agent with aflatoxin B1 adsorption ability for use in poultry feedstuffs

In this study the aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁) removal capacity, the tolerance to salivary and gastrointestinal conditions, autoaggregation and coaggregation with pathogenic bacteria of Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains isolated from broiler feces, were evaluated. Only four of twelve isolated strains were identified as Saccharomyces cerevisiae using molecular techniques. The results obtained in AFB₁ binding studies indicated that the amount of AFB₁ removed was both strain and mycotoxin-concentration dependent. Therefore, a theoretical model was applied in order to select the most efficient strain to remove AFB₁ in a wide range of mycotoxin concentration. The results indicated that S. cerevisiae 08 and S. cerevisiae 01 strains were the most efficient microorganisms in the mycotoxin removal. Viability on simulated salivary and gastrointestinal conditions was investigated and S. cerevisiae 08 strain showed the best results, achieving 98% of total survival whereas S. cerevisiae 01 reached only 75%. Autoaggregation and coaggregation assays showed S. cerevisiae 08 as the most appropriate strain, mainly because it was the unique strain able to coaggregate with the four bacterial pathogens assayed. Consequently, S. cerevisiae 08 is the best candidate for future in vivo studies useful to prevent aflatoxicosis. Further quantitative in vitro and in vivo studies are required to evaluate the real impact of yeast-binding activity on the bioavailability of AFB₁ in poultry. However, this study could be useful in selecting efficient strains in terms of AFB₁ binding and provide an important contribution to research into microorganisms with potential probiotic effects on the host.     

护听器个人防护值验证技术

本文介绍了关于护听器实际防护值的研究数据,和用于护听器个人防护效果验证的方法,以及3ME-A-RfitTM听力防护验证系统。研究表明,护听器的标称降噪值对其实际防护值的指示性非常差,目前也还没有一个可靠的方法来使用护听器的标称值。3ME-A-RfitTM听力防护验证系统是使用实地真耳内置麦克风(F-MIRE)方法,在实际工作现场中快速、定量地测定护听器在具体使用者身上取得的个人声衰减值(PAR),让安全管理人员对员工实际获得的防护水平有清晰的了解。     

Increased energy expenditure due to increased territorial defense in male lizards after phenotypic manipulation

Fitness tradeoffs are difficult to examine because many fitness variables are correlated and vary in the same direction. Phenotypic manipulation circumvents many of these difficulties, and here we used this technique to examine mechanisms for tradeoffs between increased aggression (territorial defense) and survivorship. The behavioral phenotype of male mountain spiny lizards (Sceloporus jarrovi) was manipulated with testosterone to increase territorial defense, a sexually selected trait. We previously demonstrated that increased territorial defense results in a decrease in survival caused by a lower ratio of energy intake to energy expenditure. Here we measured energy consumption of increased territorial aggression using the doubly labeled water technique in the field and compared males with and without testosterone implants (Fig. 1). In a supplementary study we measured standard metabolic rate using captive lizards given similar testosterone implants to examine if an increase in energy expenditure was a result of only an increase in standard metabolic rate (Fig. 3). Our results indicated that a primary contribution to tradeoffs between increased territorial defense and survivorship could be made by a 31% increase in energy expenditure in the field that is not due to an increase in standard metabolic rate.     

Courtship display by great frigatebirds, Fregata minor: an energetically costly handicap signal?

We used detailed time-budget observations, mark-resight data, and doubly labeled water estimates of energy expenditure to test whether energy spent on courtship display by male frigatebirds functions as a sexually selected handicap signal. During a 2-day period of time budget observations, males displayed on average 29.5% of the time (range 0–100% for 15 different males), and this value was correlated with an index of season-long display effort. Season-long display effort was strongly predictive of pairing success. Average field metabolic rate (FMR) during the 2-day time budget period was 676.5 kJ/day (range 464.8–1035.0), substantially lower than the mass-specific FMR predicted from studies of other seabirds during incubation or chick-rearing. Despite a low overall FMR, display effort could function as an energetic handicap, either if FMR correlates positively with the amount of courtship performed or if high-quality males display at a high rate because they pay a lower energy cost per unit of display than do low-quality males. We found no relationship between FMR and display rate, despite good power for doing so. We also did not find a significant difference in energy spent divided by courtship time for males that were or were not chosen by females (inferred to be high- and low-quality males, respectively), though the medians differed in the predicted direction (preferred males having lower relative costs than non-preferred males) and the confidence interval on the difference between groups was very wide. Thus, we found evidence that male courtship effort is predictive of pairing success, we rejected one mechanism by which energetic cost of display could function as a handicap, and our test of the alternate energetic handicap mechanism was equivocal.     

用14C示踪技术研究摇蚊幼虫对农药的富集作用

摇蚊幼虫是淡水湖泊中分布广泛、数量极大的底栖动物。它们生活在底泥中,位移能力很小,个体又较大,被认为是水质监测和生态毒理学研究的理想生物。底栖动物能大量富集水中微量的有毒物质,这已有许多报道,而有关摇蚊幼虫富集底泥中的有毒物质的报道甚少,国内至今尚未见报道。摇蚊幼虫富集毒物与其它底栖动物比较,其生态学意义更大,因为摇蚊幼虫除了作为鱼饵通过水生食物链浓缩和转移毒物外,大量的幼虫终将羽化为成虫,一批批飞离水体,有毒物质有可能较快地被消除掉。     

低分子量腐殖酸改性蒙脱土对黄曲霉素的吸附作用

采用振荡平衡法研究了相对分子质量<3 500的低分子量腐殖酸改性蒙脱土对黄曲霉素(AFB1)的吸附作用及机制.吸附动力学实验结果表明,0～24 h内,蒙脱土原土快速吸附AFB1,在2 h处吸附量即至最大值,而后吸附量持续降低,12 h后趋于稳定、吸附量为1.01μg.g-1;0～24 h内,改性蒙脱土对AFB1的吸附量则持续增加,12 h时吸附量达最大值(1.60μg.g-1),其后吸附达平衡.用腐殖酸改性后,蒙脱土对AFB1的等温吸附曲线由Langmuir型转变为Freundlich型,平衡浓度较高条件下,AFB1在改性蒙脱土上的吸附量明显高于蒙脱土原土.蒙脱土改性后晶层坍塌,出现不规则和絮状松散结构,与其表面聚集的腐殖酸形成较为稳定的"矿物-腐殖酸"复合体,增强了其对疏水性AFB1的吸附能力.随溶液pH值的增大,原土和改性蒙脱土对AFB1的吸附量均增大,但AFB1在改性蒙脱土上吸附量的增加幅度较大,这可能主要与溶液碱性的提高促进了AFB1与蒙脱土矿物的氢键及电性结合有关.研究结果可为进一步阐明AFB1在土壤中的界面过程和环境归趋提供依据.     

ELISA determination of Aflatoxin M1 in milk and dairy products in Pakistan

A highly sensitive competitive ELISA was standardized to determine aflatoxin M₁ (AFM₁) in milk and dairy samples randomly collected from Faisalabad city, using Riedel-de-Haen, Aflatoxin M₁ ELISA Systems, (Art–No. 45169). Standards of 5, 10, 25, 50, and 100 ng L^?1 AFM₁ in sample/standard buffer were used in optimizing anti-AFM₁ antibodies and peroxidase–AFM₁ conjugate. Linear standard curve showed increase in concentration (log C) accompanied by decrease in maximal absorbance (%B/B₀) values (%B/B₀ = 124.3 ? 45.0 log C) with highly significant negative correlation (?0.973). The middle of the test (50% B/B₀) was at 30 ng L^?1 with 6.7 ng L^?1 the lowest detection limit (90% B/B₀). Duplicate analysis of 41 samples showed AFM₁ levels below EC permissible limits (50 ng L^?1) with maximums of 40, 13, and 7.4 ng L^?1 in milk, yogurt and butter, respectively. However, possibility of exceeding limits cannot be excluded, and demands regular monitoring.     

氯菊酯农药抗体制备及酶标抗原合成

为建立一种快速检测氯菊酯的酶免疫学方法,以自制的氯菊酯半抗原(Py)与牛血清白蛋白(BSA)偶联得到免疫原.免疫健康新西兰白兔获得特异性多克隆抗体.用间接酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)鉴定抗体效价为1:2500和1:4000.合成了辣根过氧化物酶(HRP)标记抗原(HRP-Py),并经紫外分光光度法鉴定,摩尔分子比为2.5:1.