profiling areas of ground water contamination by pesticides in california: phase ii – evaluation and modification of a statistical model

A well sampling study was conducted to evaluate anempirical approach to classifying areasof land in California as vulnerable to ground watercontamination by pesticides (Troiano et al., 1994). Wells were sampled from sections of land that had noprevious detections of pesticideresidues. The sections had been classified into vulnerablesoil clusters or into a not-classified groupusing a procedure based on Principal Components Analysis(PCA). Grape, citrus, and olive growingareas of Fresno and Tulare Counties were targeted, areas wherepre-emergence herbicide residues hadbeen detected in well water. Overall, herbicide residues weredetected in 75 of 176 sampled wells, ahigh frequency of detection in relation to results fromprevious targeted well sampling studies. Sinceresidues were also detected in the not-classified group, theclassification procedure was modified usingan approach based on Canonical Variates Analysis (CVA). Moresections were classified intovulnerable soil clusters with the CVA approach than with thePCA method. Data from two otherexplanatory variables, depth to ground water and amount ofpesticide used per section, were includedto illustrate how additional information can be incorporatedinto this approach of identifying vulnerable areas.     

辽宁省红透山铜矿区土壤中重金属迁移特征研究

采用柱淋溶实验模拟辽宁省红透山铜矿区土壤中重金属的淋溶迁移特征,研究了淋溶液pH、电导率(EC)和重金属含量的变化及其相关性,分析了重金属在淋溶前后的总量和形态变化,并初步探讨其生态与健康风险.结果表明,在1～3次淋溶中,淋溶液pH迅速下降,土样中的部分酸性物质被快速溶出,在第3次淋溶之后,淋溶液pH缓慢上升;淋溶初期淋溶液EC大幅度、迅速降低,此后随着淋溶次数的增加EC缓慢降低;Fe、Mn、Cu、As、Cd均能从土样中溶出进入淋溶液,其中Fe、Mn、Cu、As的溶出主要在淋溶初期,而Cd除了在初期有所溶出外,在淋溶后期还存在二次溶出释放阶段;淋溶后土样中绝大部分重金属总量均有所下降,各重金属的解吸率为Cd＞As＞Fe＞Cu＞Mn＞Zn,其中以Cd、As含量下降最为明显,而Zn基本未溶出;淋溶前后土样中重金属的活性态(弱酸提取态(BCR-1)、可还原态(BCR-2)、可氧化态(BCR-3))含量发生了不同程度的变化,Fe的活性态含量在淋溶后变化很小,Mn、As的活性态含量在淋溶后有所上升,而Cu、Cd的活性态含量在淋溶后有所下降;随着淋溶的进行,土壤中各重金属的赋存形态发生了一定变化,从而可能引起其生态与健康风险的改变.