Review: recent advances in biogas purifying technologies

Biomethane production through biogas upgrading is a promising renewable energy for some industries which could be part of the equilibrium needed with fossil fuels consumption to achieve a sustainable society. This paper presents a comprehensive list of biogas upgrading technologies focused on carbon dioxide removal as well as recent advances reported by researcher with wide expertise in this topic. Additionally, an extensive costs–performance comparison among the technologies studied is discussed. Among the different alternatives, chemical scrubbing stood out to achieve high biomethane purities while cryogenic technologies proved to be effective against methane losses. Regarding the different costs, water scrubbing and membrane separation seem to be the most affordable techniques.     

村级水资源的管理与利用研究--来自南方四个村的案例分析

农村水资源及其相关设施的改革需要更多了解村和户层次上的现实状况和机制安排。以避免改革扭曲和失败。通过对湖北和广西共四个村的村委会、关键知情人及120个农户的调查。在村和农户两个层次上描述水资源及其相关设施的管理与利用，尤其是在干旱年份村和户所采取的策略。并深入分析了农村村级水资源管理与利用的制度安排与问题。得出的结论是。追求水利管理效率的市场化改革需要考虑干旱的威胁，要有基于风险的制度设计和法律保障。     

螯合树脂在线富集——火焰原子吸收光度法测定水中微量Cu,Pb,Zn,Cd

对螯合树脂在线富集，火焰原子吸收光度法进行了条件试验。试验证实方法对Ｃｕ、Ｐｂ、Ｚｎ、Ｃｄ４个元素检出浓度可达μｇ／Ｌ级，校准曲线性、样品重现性及准确度可满足测定要求。     

高效液相色谱测定花粉素中水溶性维生素

本文介绍一种灵敏而准确的高效液相色谱测定花粉素中五种水溶性维生素(即B_1、B_2、B_5、B_6和B_(12))方法。研究了移动相醋酸盐缓冲溶液的浓度和PH对色谱分离效果的影响,水溶性维生素的定量分析是用日立3011-N的填充柱(其内径为4毫米,长250毫米),以含有2.5％乙醇的醋酸钠-醋酸组成的缓冲溶液(PH6)作为移动相,在波长254纳米处进行紫外检测,变异系数和回收率分别为2-5％和91.0-101.5％。     

火焰原子吸收分光光度法测定鱼内脏及河流底泥中的铜

采用火焰原子吸收分光光度法测定鱼内脏及河流底泥中的铜。鱼内脏经组织捣碎机捣成匀浆后，加硝酸消解；底泥则经氢氟酸和高氯酸消化。该方法具有灵敏度高，精密度和回收率较好等特点。     

Comparison of Two Manual Methods of Nitrogen Dioxide Determination in Ambient Air

Sodium arsenite (modified Jacobs and Hochheiser method; hereafter referred as SA), the most widely used manual monitoring method for determination of nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) in ambient air, particularly in developing countries has been evaluated and compared with US EPA recommended equivalent method of TGS-ANSA (hereafter referred as ANSA). NO₂ concentrations generated from laboratory test atmosphere were analyzed by these two methods and were compared statistically. Laboratory evaluations showed that SA method has high sensitivity to different sampling conditions, which normally vary during actual field monitoring. Hence, correction factors for absorption efficiency were estimated for SA and ANSA methods. Absorption efficiency of NO₂ in SA method was found to be much lower (64%) as against the reported value of 82% at the method recommended sampling conditions, whereas for ANSA method, it was found 1.0 as against the reported value of 0.93. After applying derived correction factors, both the methods produced almost similar concentration values of NO₂.     

Monitoring of Butter and Ghee (Clarified Butter Fat) for Pesticidal Contamination from Cotton Belt of Haryana, India

Butter (45) and ghee (55) samples were collected from rural and urban areas of cotton growing belt of Haryana and analysed for detecting the residues of organochlorine, synthetic pyrethroid and organophosphate insecticides. The estimation was carried out by using multi residue analytical technique employing GC-ECD and GC-NPD systems equipped with capillary columns. Butter samples were comparatively more contaminated (97%) than ghee (94%), showing more contamination with organochlorine insecticides from urban samples. About 11% samples of butter showed endosulfan residues above MRL value and 2% samples had residues of synthetic pyrethroids and organophosphates each above their respective MRL values. In ghee, residues of HCH & DDT both and of endosulfan exceeded the MRL values in 5 and 20% samples, respectively. Among organophosphates, only chlorpyriphos was detected with 9% samples showing its residue above MRL value. Irrespective of contamination levels, residues above the MRL values were more in ghee. More extensive study covering other agricultural regions/zones of Haryana has been suggested to know the overall scenario of contamination of milk products.     

过硫酸钾氧化-紫外光度法测定总氮方法的改进

过硫酸钾氧化紫外光度法测定总氮的空白吸光度高的主要原因是：K2S2O3是220nm波长上有特征吸收，适当降低K2S2O3、NaOH的用量，延长消解时间，使用二次蒸馏水，用低浓度亚砷酸钠溶液，还原消解后剩余的极少量的K2S2O3，可以降低空白吸光度。K2S2O3-NaOH碱溶液不稳定，使用期短，三天后氧化能力迅速降低，原因是：K2S2O3溶液中，加入NaOH，加速了K2S2O3的分解。K2S2O3和NaOH分别配制，并在K2S2O3溶液中，加入少量HCl，抑制其水解。两种溶液可使用半年以上时间。     

面向新世纪的MARPOL73／78公约及其附则Ⅱ

国际海事组织目前正在对《ＭＡＲＰＯＬ７３／７８公约》附则Ⅱ－控制散装液体有毒物质污染规则作重大修改，内容包手胡毒液体物质和化学品，这很可能对主管机关、船公司和化工界造成严重的冲击。     

恶臭污染防治技术及工程实践

目前，恶臭污染对人类生活的危害日益加剧，文中介绍了几种恶臭污染物的防治技术。对生物滴滤池 活性炭吸附工艺进行了探讨，工程实例表明具有良好的治理效果。