超细煤矸石矿粉作天然橡胶补强填充剂的性能研究

以煤矸石为原料，通过超细粉碎、表面改性等深度加工，制取了一种新的橡胶补强剂，并对煤矸石作补强剂影响因素进行初步的研究，实验表明它能够取代或部分取代炭黑用作天然橡胶的补强剂。     

活性碳纤维改性技术研究进展

介绍了活性碳纤维(ACF)的孔结构及表面官能团,综述了国内外ACF改性技术的研究现状.ACF的改性主要包括孔结构调控和表面化学改性,表面化学改性包括氧化还原法、表面负载法、浸渍法、热处理法、远程等离子体处理法、微波辐照法等,也可将多种方法结合来对ACF进行改性,以改善和提高ACF的吸附性能.在总结现有研究的基础上,对ACF改性技术发展趋势进行了展望.     

聚噻吩改性阴极强化电极生物膜反应器去除硝酸盐机制研究

为进一步提高电极生物膜反应器的脱氮效能,采用导电聚合物聚噻吩(PTh)和电子穿梭体蒽醌-2,6-二磺酸二钠(AQDS)改性阴极材料石墨毡,系统研究了不同碳氮比(C/N)条件下,改性电极的应用对BER体系的脱氮效能、电极表面生物相和体系微生物群落结构等方面的影响.结果表明,应用PTh与AQDS协同处理石墨毡的BER体系的NO~-_3-N去除速率和效能均明显优于未处理电极体系,在HRT=4 h、C/N为2.0时NO~-_3-N的去除率达到90.0%以上.PTh/AQDS改性石墨毡电极的生物膜与电极的比重为0.26±0.04,其值为对照组的2.4倍,证明了PTh/AQDS改性后电极具有更优的生物相容性.应用PTh/AQDS改性电极的BER具有更好的微生物丰富度和多样性,AQDS促进了特定微生物Thauera_mechernichensis(24.6%)的富集和亚硝酸盐还原酶的活性,保障了BER体系的反硝化效能.     

活化铁锰结核的除氟性能研究

通过批实验研究接触反应时间、温度、共存阴离子对除氟效果的影响.结果表明,接触反应时间为48 h时,吸附都将近平衡.温度越高,越有利于氟离子的吸附.Langmuir和Freundlich吸附等温模式都可以较好地描述氟离子的吸附特性.热力学分析发现活化铁锰结核对氟的吸附为自发的吸热反应.当其他阴离子存在时,会对吸附造成不利影响.柱实验结果表明,活化铁锰结核动态除氟效果很好,性能稳定,机械强度高,易洗脱再生,且洗脱再生后饱和吸附量明显增大.出水中铁、锰含量不超过我国生活饮用水卫生标准.用Thomas模型分析,得到的平均饱和吸附量可达1.340 mg/g.X射线衍射和扫描电镜分析表明,经FeCl3活化的铁锰结核表面附着大量铁的氧化物或氢氧化物.这些铁的氢氧化物或氧化物对水中氟离子的去除起重要作用.     

Removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from aqueous solution by raw and modified plant residue materials as biosorbents

Removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （PAHs）, e.g., naphthalene, acenaphthene, phenanthrene and pyrene, from aqueous solution by raw and modified plant residues was investigated to develop low cost biosorbents for organic pollutant abatement. Bamboo wood, pine wood, pine needles and pine bark were selected as plant residues, and acid hydrolysis was used as an easily modification method. The raw and modified biosorbents were characterized by elemental analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The sorption isotherms of PAHs to raw biosorbents were apparently linear, and were dominated by a partitioning process. In comparison, the isotherms of the hydrolyzed biosorbents displayed nonlinearity, which was controlled by partitioning and the specific interaction mechanism. The sorpfion kinetic curves of PAHs to the raw and modified plant residues fit well with the pseudo second-order kinetics model. The sorption rates were faster for the raw biosorbents than the corresponding hydrolyzed biosorbents, which was attributed to the latter having more condensed domains （i.e., exposed aromatic core）. By the consumption of the amorphous cellulose component under acid hydrolysis, the sorption capability of the hydrolyzed biosorbents was notably enhanced, i.e., 6-18 fold for phenanthrene, 6-8 fold for naphthalene and pyrene and 5-8 fold for acenaphthene. The sorpfion coefficients （Kd） were negatively correlated with the polarity index [（O＋N）/C], and positively correlated with the aromaticity of the biosorbents. For a given biosorbent, a positive linear correlation between logKoc and logKow for different PAHs was observed. Interestingly, the linear plots of logKoc-logKow were parallel for different biosorbents. These observations suggest that the raw and modified plant residues have great potential as biosorbents to remove PAHs from wastewater.     

碱改性净水污泥对水中氨氮的吸附效能研究

采用氢氧化钠浸渍法改性净水污泥,研究了碱改性净水污泥对水中NH+4的去除性能.同时,考察了模拟废水pH、吸附剂投加量、NH+4初始浓度、吸附温度及吸附时间对吸附性能的影响.结果表明,当pH为弱酸性或中性,投加碱改性净水污泥20 g·L-1时,在室温下对初始浓度为50 mg·L-1的NH+4模拟废水振荡吸附120 min,可达到氨氮排放二级标准.将实验数据分别用吸附等温模型和动力学模型进行拟合,发现净水污泥对NH+4的吸附符合Langmuir模型和二级动力学模型,且净水污泥对氨氮的吸附包括静电吸引和离子交换两种作用机理.     

Non-UV based germicidal activity of metal-doped TiO2 coating on solid surfaces

A stain-based screening method was developed to screen different catalyst coatings for their germicidal activity. A Baclight dead/live bacteria viability kit （invitrogen, molecular probes） was used for staining the cell. The screening was carried out following a standard procedure. This included loading cell suspension to solid surface and maintaining contact for 30 min, then staining with a mixture containing dyes. The stained cells were observed using an epifluorescent microscope and photographed with a CCD camera under UV. Metal-doped TiO2 coatings on AI plates were prepared and tested for non-UV germicidal activity without using UV. It was tested using model microorganisms such as Bakers Yeast （Saccharomyces cerevisiae）, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas putida, and Escherichia coli. On the basis of the germicidal activity of catalyst and the degree of damage caused to the cells, the stained cells may appear green （viable）, green with red or yellow nuclei and yellow （compromised） or red （nonviable）. According to their stained color, cells were counted to calculate the percentage of dead, live, and compromised cells. Compromised cells are cells that grow very slowly after reculturing indicating a degree of reversible cell damage. Screening the germicidal activity using this staining method is accurate and efficient, and requires less time than the culture-based method. A modification to the procedure for measuring germicidal activity of rough surfaces or fibrous coatings was developed. Both TiO2 and metal-doped TiO2 （Ag, Pt, Au, Cu） possess non-UV based germicidal activity. The germicidal activity of TiO2 was found to be related with its wetting property and can be improved by UV irradiation before testing. It is not greatly affected by contact time, indicating a fast acting germicidal activity.     

沸石改性及其去除水中氨氮的实验研究

通过实验研究了沸石改性条件及其对水中氨氮吸附去除的影响。结果表明,加热改性与无机酸改性不能显著提高沸石对氨氮的吸附量。利用NaOH改性的最佳浓度为1 mol/L,此条件下对氨氮吸附量可提高到650.68 mg/kg,为天然沸石的2.82倍。利用无机盐改性时,对氨氮吸附效果最好的是NaCl改性沸石,其次为KCl改性沸石与CaCl₂改性沸石。随着NaCl溶液浓度和改性时间的增加,改性沸石对氨氮的吸附量显著增加,可达天然沸石的3～4倍;在NaCl浓度为150 g/L与改性时间为18 h条件下,改性沸石对氨氮吸附量可达887.35 mg/kg,为天然沸石的3.84倍。     

N掺杂TiO_2光催化剂的制备及其H_2O_2改性的研究

以钛酸四丁酯为前驱物,采用水解沉淀法制备了N掺杂TiO_2光催化剂和H_2O_2改性的N掺杂TiO_2光催化剂.实验表明,H_2O_2改性的N掺杂TiO_2光催化剂的最佳制备条件为:氨水(质量分数28%)加入量20 mL,焙烧温度500 ℃,H_2O_2(质量分数30%)加入量2.0 mL.日光下,N掺杂TiO_2光催化剂及H_2O_2改性的N掺杂TiO_2光催化剂在反应90 min时的活性红紫去除率达99%,它们对活性红紫的去除率远高于P_(25)TiO_2光催化剂.H_2O_2改性的N掺杂TiO_2光催化剂中N质量分数比改性前明显提高,制备的两种催化剂中不仅含有N元素,同时还含有C和H元素.     

改性高岭土处理含酸性媒介染料的印染废水

用十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTMAB)改性的高岭土处理以水溶性酸性媒介染料为主的印染废水.实验结果表明,当CTMAB-高岭土加入量为0.6 g/L、用石灰乳控制废水pH为9.5～10.0、聚丙烯酰胺的加入量为2.0 mg/L时,废水的处理效果最佳,废水色度和COD去除率分别达到98.0%和92.0%以上,出水色度和COD达到了GB4287-92<纺织染整工业水污染物排放标准>一级排放标准.