东湖通道工程沙滩浴场围堰施工对水中胞外碱性磷酸酶动力学行为的影响

城镇化过程常伴随市政建设面积与强度的大幅度增加,但其与湖泊富营养化的关系尚未得到充分的研究。2014年3-5月在武汉东湖通道工程沙滩浴场围堰施工区与相关湖区（郭郑湖、汤菱湖、团湖）的19个位点分5次采集水样,分析了水中胞外碱性磷酸酶的动力学参数及其与溶解有机磷和溶解反应性磷比值的关系。结果表明,施工致使酶的最大反应速度与底物亲和力均显著降低,有机磷酶促再生为生物可利用性无机磷的周转时间明显延长。这一结果指示施工区磷营养的相对充足,施工干扰可能有效促进了沉积物磷向水柱的补给。     

Activities of alkaline phosphatase in first trimester chorion biopsy tissue

We have determined the activity of alkaline phosphatase in chorionic villous tissue obtained in the first trimester of pregnancy, in order to obtain the normal range of values as a prerequisite for application to the prenatal diagnosis of the rare bone disease hypophosphatasia. The activities found were a combination of intestinal and liver/bone/kidney types; traces of placental type were present in only one sample.     

模拟酸雨对土壤酸性磷酸酶活性的影响及机理

通过恒温恒湿连续培养的方法,研究了外源酸雨对土壤pH值、酸性磷酸酶活性的影响,同时运用紫外差光谱和荧光光谱对其机理进行了探讨.结果表明,酸雨通过改变土壤pH值而影响酶活性,pH6.66的近中性土壤酶活性呈现激活-抑制的变化过程;而pH4.61的酸性土壤酶活性持续下降.溶液构象研究表明,pH值是通过改变酶的肽链构象、氨基酸残基微环境而影响其活性的.     

Responses of alkaline phosphatase activity to wind-driven waves in a large, shallow lake: Implications for phosphorus availability and algal blooms

Phosphorus is a vital nutrient for algal growth, thus, a better understanding of phosphorus availability is essential to mitigate harmful algal blooms in lakes. Wind waves are a ubiquitous characteristic of lake ecosystems. However, its effects on the cycling of organic phosphorus and its usage by phytoplankton remain poorly elucidated in shallow eutrophic lakes. A mesocosm experiment was carried out to investigate the responses of alkaline phosphatase activity fractions to wind waves in large, shallow, eutrophic Lake Taihu. Results showed that wind-driven waves induced the release of alkaline phosphatase and phosphorus from the sediment, and dramatically enhanced phytoplanktonic alkaline phosphatase activity. However, compared to the calm conditions, bacterial and dissolved alkaline phosphatase activity decreased in wind-wave conditions. Consistently, the gene copies of Microcystis phoX increased but bacterial phoX decreased under wind-wave conditions. The ecological effects of these waves on phosphorus and phytoplankton likely accelerated the biogeochemical cycling of phosphorus and promoted phytoplankton production in Lake Taihu. This study provides an improved current understanding of phosphorus availability and the phosphorus strategies of plankton in shallow, eutrophic lakes.     

有机磷细菌的分离鉴定及其对MC-RR的响应(The Isolation and Identification of Organic Phosphorus Bacteria and Its Response to MC-RR)

从云南滇池水样中分离出具有解磷能力的有机磷细菌P-2,并利用现代分子生物学技术进行了初步鉴定.用0.01、5mg·L-1微囊藻毒素(MC-RR)处理有机磷细菌P-2,研究了MC-RR对其生长、细胞内酸碱磷酸酶活性(ACP和AKP)以及培养液中可溶性磷酸盐含量的影响.结果表明,高浓度MC-RR能显著抑制有机磷细菌的生长,延缓其细胞增殖,抑制细胞内酸碱磷酸酶活性以及培养液中可溶性磷酸盐含量的升高,因而可能改变或减缓生态系统中磷循环的进程,这表明微囊藻毒素在一定程度上可能调节水体细菌功能群落.     

重金属污染下龟壳攀鲈组织中ACP和AKP的活力比较

龟壳攀鲈是一种在极端污染水域中具备生存优势的鱼类,收集重污染区和轻污染区的龟壳攀鲈,并通过比较其体内各组织中的酸性磷酸酶(ACP)及碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活性来揭示其耐污能力。贵屿作为重污染区有4个采样点:大陇村、市上村、联堤村和北林村;潮州作为轻污染区有2个采样点:卧石村和洗马桥。水质结果表明,贵屿采样地水中的Pb、Cd、Cr、As、Hg含量分别是潮州采样点的27.6倍、3.9倍、5.8倍、3.9倍和3.5倍,说明贵屿采样地的污染远高于潮州的。酶活结果表明,在龟壳攀鲈所有组织中,内脏组织(胃肠、性腺、肝脏、脾脏、肾脏)中的ACP和AKP活力均高于外周组织(肌肉、鳞片、鳃);重金属污染均能提高攀鲈体内所有组织的ACP和AKP活力;AKP活性更容易受到重金属的影响,各组织的AKP活力增幅普遍超过ACP活力增幅;其中,受重金属影响最大的组织是脾脏,ACP和AKP活力可增长到2.37倍和6.21倍。这些结果说明了龟壳攀鲈可以通过显著升高内脏组织(如肠胃、肝脏、肾脏等)中ACP和AKP活性,以便更好地应对高污染环境;其中AKP更容易受到重金属的影响,适合用于作为评估污染的指标。     

不同磷源及浓度对利玛原甲藻生长和产毒的影响研究

探讨了不同磷源条件下利玛原甲藻的生长情况,分析了碱性磷酸酶在营养盐利用方面的作用,对不同营养盐条件下腹泻性贝毒(diarrhetic shellfish poison,DSP)的合成情况进行了比较和分析.结果显示,以NaH2 PO4、β-甘油磷酸钠和ATP分别作为唯一磷源时,NaH2PO4组和ATP组最大生长速率(βms)差异不大,β-甘油磷酸钠组稍低;ATP组最大生物量(X)明显高于NaH2PO4组和β-甘油磷酸钠组.实验浓度范围内,β-甘油磷酸钠组碱性磷酸酶活性均比较低,而ATP组活性较高.NaH2PO4组因其浓度的变化而有较大的差异.浓度>2μmol/L时,活性比较低,<2 μmol/L时,活性明显增高.μ-甘油磷酸钠组大田软海绵酸(okadaic acid,OA)总含量和单位藻细胞OA含量最高,NaH2O4组次之,ATP组最低.这些结果表明,利玛原甲藻町吸收利用无机磷NaH2PO4和有机磷β-甘油磷酸钠及ATP.其中,NaH2PO4和ATP的营养价值基本等效,而β-甘油磷酸钠的营养价值较低.ATP较NaH2PO4和β-甘油磷酸钠更有利于维持利玛原甲藻的生长.利玛原甲藻可以直接利用β-甘油磷酸钠;而ATP则需要碱性磷酸酶水解后才能利用.利玛原甲藻毒素的合成与营养盐的形态有关,不同营养盐条件下DSP的合成不同.β-甘油磷酸钠为磷源时,DSP合成量最多.磷盐对DSP合成的影响与该磷盐条件下利玛原甲藻的生理状态有关.     

Flow cytometric method to measure urea-resistant alkaline phosphatase from blood neutrophils for use in the prenatal screening of Down's syndrome

The histochemical measurement of urea-resistant alkaline phosphatase from maternal blood neutrophils is known to have a high detection rate for the prenatal detection of Down's syndrome pregnancies. However, because the histochemical method is laborious and subjective to use, it has not gained widespread acceptance in prenatal screening programmes. We present a simple and objective method for the measurement of urea-resistant alkaline phosphatase by flow cytometry. The method should allow the design of larger studies aimed at evaluating the role of neutrophil urea-resistant alkaline phosphatase in the prenatal screening for Down's syndrome.     

Phosphine in paddy fields and the effects of environmental factors

Ambient levels of phosphine (PH₃) in the air, phosphine emission fluxes from paddy fields and rice plants, and the distribution of matrix-bound phosphine (MBP) in paddy soils were investigated throughout the growing stages of rice. The relationships between MBP and environmental factors were analyzed to identify the principal factors determining the distribution of MBP. The phosphine ambient levels ranged from 2.368 ± 0.6060 ng m⁻³ to 24.83 ± 6.529 ng m⁻³ and averaged 14.25 ± 4.547 ng m⁻³. The highest phosphine emission flux was 22.54 ± 3.897 ng (m² h)⁻¹, the lowest flux was 7.64 ± 4.83 ng (m² h)⁻¹, and the average flux was 14.17 ± 4.977 ng (m² h)⁻¹. Rice plants transport a significant portion of the phosphine emitted from the paddy fields. The highest contribution rate of rice plants to the phosphine emission fluxes reached 73.73% and the average contribution was 43.00%. The average MBP content of 111.6 ng kg⁻¹fluctuated significantly in different stages of rice growth and initially increased then decreased with increasing depth. The peak MBP content in each growth stage occurred approximately 10 cm under the surface of paddy soils. Pearson correlation analyses and stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that soil temperature (Ts), acid phosphatase (ACP) and total phosphorus (TP) were the principal environmental factors, with correlative rankings of Ts > ACP > TP.     

Review on the use of enzymes for the detection of organochlorine, organophosphate and carbamate pesticides in the environment

Pesticides are released intentionally into the environment and, through various processes, contaminate the environment. Three of the main classes of pesticides that pose a serious problem are organochlorines, organophosphates and carbamates. While pesticides are associated with many health effects, there is a lack of monitoring data on these contaminants. Traditional chromatographic methods are effective for the analysis of pesticides in the environment, but have limitations and prevent adequate monitoring. Enzymatic methods have been promoted for many years as an alternative method of detection of these pesticides. The main enzymes that have been utilised in this regard have been acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, alkaline phosphatase, organophosphorus hydrolase and tyrosinase. The enzymatic methods are based on the activation or inhibition of the enzyme by a pesticide which is proportional to the concentration of the pesticide. Research on enzymatic methods of detection, as well as some of the problems and challenges associated with these methods, is extensively discussed in this review. These methods can serve as a tool for screening large samples which can be followed up with the more traditional chromatographic methods of analysis.