2-chlorophenol oxidation kinetic by photo-ssisted Fenton process

IntroductionTheo chlorophenolisaverytoxicandpoorlybiodegradablepollutant,whichisusedasanintermediateinthemanufactureofhigherchlorophenolandphenolresinsandforextractingsulphurandnitrogencompoundsfromcoals.Itisalsousedinorganicsynthesis(dyesandpesticide) .Oxidationofo chlorophenolwastewaterincatalyticwetairoxidationisofpracticalinterestsinceawastewatercontainingo chlorophenolover 2 0 0ppmmaynotbetreatedeffectivelybydirectbiologicalmethods.Advancedoxidationprocesses(AOPs)havebeensuccessfullyuse…     

塔里木盆地光温模式研究及其应用

建立了塔里木盆地光照、温度模式 ,该模式可以预测出塔里木盆地无资料地区各网格点的日照时数和冬季(1月)、夏季 (7月 )平均气温。在此基础上 ,应用统计学导出的极值分布和正态分布概率模式 ,预测了塔里木盆地各站上述要素不同概率的设计值。首次揭示了塔里木盆地无资料地区光照时间、温度分布规律。该模式为塔里木油田石油工业总体规划和大型工程设计及农业合理布局等提供了有效的科学依据     

太阳光助Fenton体系氧化降解苯酚废水的研究

探讨了太阳光助Fenton体系对苯酚的氧化降解。结果表明，太阳光能有效地增强Fenton试剂对苯酚的氧化降解，在晴天较强太阳光照下，Fenton试剂可在较短时间内使较高浓度的苯酚完全矿化。反应体系的初始pH值及Fe^2 用量均对苯酚的氧化降解有明显影响，反应的适宜pH值在3—4的酸性范围内；适量Fe^2 参与的太阳光—Fenton反应有助于苯酚的降解，但过高的Fe^2 用量反而不利于苯酚的降解。实验结果还表明，采用分批多次投加的方式可明显提高氧化剂H202的利用效率，降低H202的消耗量；苯酚废水降解的主要中间产物为苯醌和有机酸；一定程度的太阳光—Fenton预氧化处理可使废水的BOD5／C02cr比值由0.10捉高到0.32，可生化性明显提高。     

催化技术在污染物治理应用的研究进展

对近年来催化技术在污染物治理应用的研究进展进行了综述,指出了现在研究中存在的主要问题,并对其前景进行了展望。     

ECOSYSTEM DYNAMICS AND POLLUTION EFFECTS IN AN OZARK CAVE STREAM1

ABSTRACT: Subterranean ecosystems harbor globally rare fauna and important water resources, but ecological processes are poorly understood and are threatened by anthropogenic stresses. Ecosystem analyses were conducted from 1997 to 2000 in Cave Springs Cave, Arkansas, situated in a region of intensive land use, to determine the degree of habitat degradation and viability of endangered fauna. Organic matter budgeting quantified energy flux and documented the dominant input as dissolved organic matter and not gray bat guano (Myotis grisescens). Carbon/nitrogen stable isotope analyses described a trophic web of Ozark cavefish (Amblyopsis rosae) that primarily consumed cave isopods (Caecidotea stiladactyla), which in turn appeared to consume benthic matter originating from a complex mixture of soil, leaf litter, and anthropogenic wastes. Septic leachate, sewage sludge, and cow manure were suspected to augment the food web and were implicated in environmental degradation. Water, sediment, and animal tissue analyses detected excess nutrients, fecal bacteria, and toxic concentrations of metals. Community assemblage may have been altered: sensitive species‐grotto salamanders (Typhlotriton spelaeus) and stygobro‐mid amphipods—were not detected, while more resilient isopods flourished. Reduction of septic and agricultural waste inputs may be necessary to restore ecosystem dynamics in this cave ecosystem to its former undisturbed condition.     

瓷砖釉面TiO2薄层对甲基橙的光催化降解

采用溶胶-凝胶法，在瓷砖釉面上制备了良好光催化活性TiO2薄层材料，研究结果表明瓷砖釉面TiO2薄层材料对甲基橙的光催化反应遵循一级动力学规律，光催化降解率与液层厚度符合指数关系。在太阳光照射下，釉面瓷砖TiO2薄层材料能对甲基橙有效地降解。     

INTEGRATING SERVICE‐LEARNING INTO WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS: OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES1

ABSTRACT: The objective of this article is to open a dialogue on integrating service‐learning into community based watershed management programs and to discuss opportunities and challenges that a service‐learning program presents to universities and communities. The article presents the concept and definition of service‐learning, and arguments concerning why institutions of higher education and university faculty and students should be involved with community based watershed management programs. The article describes a case study for developing a service‐learning program for watershed management at Virginia Tech and discusses lessons learned from the case study. The paper concluded that to make a service‐learning program sustainable, there should be a long term plan, regular and effective communication with the stakeholders, and some incentives for faculty and students for long term commitment to the community based watershed management programs.     

GROUND WATER NITRATE REDUCTION IN GIANT CANE AND FOREST RIPARIAN BUFFER ZONES1

ABSTRACT: Ground water contamination by excess nitrate leaching in row‐crop fields is an important issue in intensive agricultural areas of the United States and abroad. Giant cane and forest riparian buffer zones were monitored to determine each cover type's ability to reduce ground water nitrate concentrations. Ground water was sampled at varying distances from the field edge to determine an effective width for maximum nitrate attenuation. Ground water samples were analyzed for nitrate concentrations as well as chloride concentrations, which were used as a conservative ion to assess dilution or concentration effects within the riparian zone. Significant nitrate reductions occurred in both the cane and the forest riparian buffer zones within the first 3.3 m, a relatively narrow width. In this first 3.3 m, the cane and forest buffer reduced ground water nitrate levels by 90 percent and 61 percent, respectively. Approximately 40 percent of the observed 99 percent nitrate reduction over the 10 m cane buffer could be attributed to dilution by upwelling ground water. Neither ground water dilution nor concentration was observed in the forest buffer. The ground water nitrate attenuation capabilities of the cane and forest riparian zones were not statistically different. During the spring, both plant assimilation and denitrification were probably important nitrate loss mechanisms, while in the summer nitrate was more likely lost via denitrification since the water table dropped below the rooting zone.     

NITROGEN AND ORGANIC MATTER LOSSES IN NO‐TILL CORN CROPPING SYSTEMS1

ABSTRACT: Intensive cropping systems based on mechanical movement of soil have induced land degradation in most agricultural areas due to soil erosion and soil fertility losses. Thus, farmers have been increasing fertilization rates to maintain an economically competitive crop yield. This practice has resulted in water quality degradation and lake eutrophication in many agricultural watersheds. Research was conducted in the Patzcuaro watershed in central Mexico to develop appropriate technology that prevents nonpoint source pollution from fertilizers. Organic matter (OM) and nitrogen (N) losses in runoff and nitrate (NO₃‐N) percolation in Andisols with corn under conventional till (CT) and no‐till (NT) treatments using variable percentages of crop residue as soil cover were investigated for steep‐slope agriculture. USLE type runoff plots were used to collect water runoff, while suction tubes with porous caps at 30, 60, and 90 cm depth were used to sample soil water solutes for NO₃‐N analyses. Results indicated a significant reduction of N and OM losses in runoff as residue cover increased in the NT treatments. Inorganic N in runoff was 25 kg/ha for NT without residue cover (NT‐0) and 6 kg/ha for the NT with 100 percent residue cover (NT‐100). Organic matter losses in runoff were 157 and 24 kg/ha for the NT‐0 and NT‐100 treatments, respectively. Nitrate‐N percolation was evident in CT and NT with 100 percent residue cover (NT‐100). However, NT‐100 had higher NO₃‐N concentration at the root zone, suggesting the possibility of reducing fertilization rates with the use of NT treatments.     

MODELING THE IMPACT OF MULTICOMPONENT VOCs ON GROUND WATER USING THE STEFAN‐MAXWELL EQUATION1

ABSTRACT: Computer programs that model the fate and transport of organic contaminants through porous media typically use Fick's first law to calculate vapor phase diffusion. Fick's first law, however, is limited to the case of a single, dilute species diffusing into a stagnant, high concentration, bulk vapor phase. When dealing with more than one diffusing species and at higher concentrations, the multicomponent coupling effects on vapor phase diffusion and advection of the various constituents become significant. VLEACH, a one‐dimensional finite difference model developed for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), is typical of the models using Fick's first law to model vapor‐phase diffusion. The VLEACH model was modified to accommodate up to 10 components and to calculate the binary diffusion coefficients for each of the components based on molecular weight, molecular volume, temperature and pressure, and to address the coupling effects on multiple component vapor phase diffusion and its impact on ground water. The resulting model was renamed MC‐CHEMSOIL. At low vapor phase concentrations, MC‐CHEMSOIL predicts identical ground water impacts (dissolved phase loading) to those from VLEACH 2.2a. At higher vapor phase concentrations, however, the relative difference between the models exceeded 20 percent.