Highly efficient conversion of sugarcane bagasse pretreated with liquid hot water into ethanol at high solid loading

Liquid hot water (LHW), an environmental-friendly physico-chemical treatment, was applied to pretreat the sugarcane bagasse (SCB). Tween80, a non-ionic surfactant, was used to enhance the enzymatic hydrolysis of the pretreated SCB. It found that 0.125 mL Tween80 /g dry matter could make the maximum increase (33.2%) of the glycan conversion of the LHW-pretreated SCB. A self-designed laboratory facility with a plate-and-frame impeller was applied to conduct batch hydrolysis, fed-batch hydrolysis, and the process of high-temperature (50°C) fed-batch hydrolysis following low-temperature (30°C) simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) which was adopted to overcome the incompatible optimum temperature of saccharification and fermentation in the SSF process. After hydrolyzing LHW-pretreated SCB for 120 h with commercial cellulase, the total sugar concentration and glycan conversion obtained from fed-batch hydrolysis were 91.6 g/L and 68.3%, respectively, which were 9.7 g/L and 7.3% higher than those obtained from batch hydrolysis. With Saccharomyces cerevisiae Y2034 fermenting under the non-sterile condition, the ethanol production and theoretical yield obtained from the process of SSF after fed-batch hydrolysis were 55.4 g/L and 88.3% for 72h, respectively, which were 15.5 g/L and 24.7% higher than those from separate fed-batch hydrolysis and fermentation. The result of this work was superior to the reported results obtained from the LHW-pretreated SCB.     

优化的甘蔗皮渣吸附居室甲醛

为了研究优化后的甘蔗皮渣吸附居室中的甲醛,本研究通过3种方法处理材料进行吸附甲醛对比,得出简便高效的碱热烫处理,并针对其热烫时间(X1)、pH值(X2)、水浴锅温度(X3)和水浴时间(X4)设置正交实验,得出热烫时间30 min、pH=11、水浴锅温度80℃、水浴时间2.5 h,甘蔗皮渣对甲醛吸附率可达27.91%。通过与活性炭、硅藻纯吸附效果比较,经F检验得出优化处理甘蔗皮渣与硅藻纯吸附效果相当,均极显著优于活性炭。电镜观测出优化甘蔗皮渣与活性炭、硅藻纯同具粗糙、皱褶、疏松多孔结构;傅里叶红外光谱分析出C≡C等基团在甲醛吸附中起主要作用。     

改性甘蔗渣对Pb~(2+)、Cd~(2+)的吸附行为研究

为提高废弃甘蔗渣对重金属离子Cd2+和Pb2+的吸附能力,文章采用简单的方法制备了乙二胺四乙酸二酐(EDTAD)修饰的甘蔗渣。经FTIR分析,有大量的羰基修饰在了甘蔗渣的表面,为其吸附重金属离子提供了更多的活性位点。实验结果表明:经过修饰后的甘蔗渣对Cd2+和Pb2+的吸附量分别为46.46 mg/g、119.36 mg/g,是未修饰的3.69和12.31倍,且均能在20 min内达到最大吸附量并保持平衡,其吸附符合Langmuir等温吸附模型,且吸附过程遵循二级动力学模型。在pH 4~7范围内,修饰SCB对Cd2+和Pb2+具有较高的吸附能力。除此之外,在Cd2+、Pb2+、Cu2+和Zn2+共存的情况下,修饰SCB对Pb2+仍能保持较高的吸附量。修饰后的甘蔗渣对Cd2+和Pb2+的吸附能力有了显著提高,且具有一定的抗干扰能力,有望应用于实际工业废水处理。     

IMPACT ON GROUNDWATER RESOURCES OF CONVERSION FROM FURROW TO DRIP IRRIGATION1

ABSTRACT A model is developed to analyze the groundwater conservation and depletion effects of converting sugarcane irrigation from the furrow to the drip method. The results do not support the commonly held notion that more efficient use of irrigation water will release scarce water supplies for metropolitan growth.     

宿根甘蔗根际土壤细菌多样性分析中培养法与非培养法比较研究

采用培养法和非培养法提取甘蔗根际土壤微生物的总DNA,基于通用引物PCR扩增构建两种方法的细菌16SrDNA文库,并进行核糖体DNA扩增片段限制性内切酶分析(ARDRA),通过部分克隆序列测定构建细菌克隆文库的系统发育树,进而对基于传统的细菌平板培养法和直接提取总细菌DNA的非培养法进行比较分析.结果显示,非培养法文库的香侬–威纳指数、辛普森指数、丰富度分别为4.94、0.998、28.91,均高于培养法文库中相应的多样性参数(分别为4.27、0.996、16.79),均一度数值都>0.95.结合统计学数据和序列测定信息,反映出甘蔗根际土壤存在着丰富的细菌多样性,但平板培养法所展现的多样性低于直接提取法,表明前者存在着很大的局限性,而非培养法文库中主要是未培养微生物的16S rDNA序列,这从一个侧面反映了土壤样品中未培养微生物占很大比例.因此,在土壤微生物群落研究中,必须结合新的分子生态学技术手段,如采用直接提取总DNA的方法进行研究,才能比较全面地认识土壤微生物多样性.图3表3参18     

甘蔗糖蜜酒精工业废液治理的研究

本文综述了目前国内外甘蔗糖蜜酒精废液主要治理方法 ,同时提出了一种资源回收 ,成本低 ,具有经济效益及较大的社会效益的治理方法。     

敌草快在甘蔗及土壤中的残留动态

对敌草快在湖南和海南甘蔗及土壤中的残留研究结果表明:(1)敌草快在湖南甘蔗苗和土壤中的半衰期分别为4.72和50.59 d;(2)敌草快在海南甘蔗苗和土壤中的半衰期分别为5.73和40.01 d;(3)在常规使用剂量下,湖南和海南甘蔗中敌草快的最终残留量均未检出,说明正常使用下食用甘蔗安全.     

不同甘蔗基因型光合特性的数值分类

对30个甘蔗基因型光合性状进行数值分类、主成分、聚类和判别分析研究认为，甘蔗基因型间光合性状存在较大差异；利用主成分分析选出3个主成分，方差累计贡献率达到98．5％，蒸腾速率、气孔导度为第一主成分的主导因子，而净光合速率和气孔导度分别为二、三主成分的主导因子；经系统聚类将30个基因型分为三大类，在聚类分析基础上用判别分析选出对甘蔗光合性状数值分类有显著影响的4个光合参数，建立3个判别能力较高的判别模型．表5图1参22     

Effects of soil attributes and straw accumulation on the sorption of hexazinone and tebuthiuron in tropical soils cultivated with sugarcane

Brazil is the largest sugarcane producer in the world in which hexazinone (3-cyclohexyl-6-dimethylamino-1-methyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-dione) and tebuthiuron (1-(5-tert-butyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)-1,3-dimethylurea) are heavily used. Sugarcane harvesting is changing from the manual system with previous straw burning to the mechanized system without straw burning. The lack of burning results in soil organic carbon accumulation mainly in clayey soils, which should affect herbicides availability and fate. Therefore, we evaluated sorption of these herbicides in soil samples with and without straw burning. Both herbicides presented low apparent sorption coefficients (mean K_d,app= 0.6 and 2.4 L kg^?1 for hexazinone and tebuthiuron, respectively), suggesting that they may leach to groundwater. Moreover, their sorption correlated primarily with soil organic carbon (SOC), but iron oxide contents extracted with ammonium oxalate (Fe₂O₃^AOX) also affected it (K_d,app = ?0.228 + 0.0397 SOC + 0.117 Fe₂O₃^AOX for hexazinone and K_d,app = ?1.407 + 0.201 SOC + 0.348 Fe₂O₃^AOX for tebuthiuron). Soil organic carbon accumulation due to straw maintenance in the field positively affected sorption of both herbicides, but its effects were not enough to classify them as “non-leachers.”     

WATER REUSE FROM SEWAGE EFFLUENT BY IRRIGATION: A PERSPECTIVE FOR HAWAII1

ABSTRACT: Surrounded by an ocean, the Hawaiian Islands are limited in their natural fresh water resources. The major readily developable potable sources are the high quality ground water sources which serve both domestic uses and sugarcane irrigation although irrigation water does not require as high a quality as drinking water. The increasing overall fresh water requirements for the island of Oahu will outstrip the potential yield of fresh ground water sources, as developed by present technology, by the year 2000 according to Honolulu Board of Water Supply projections. There are water shortage regions on other islands. Water reuse from sewage effluent for irrigation will augment natural water resources, furnish supplemental or alternative fertilizer, and reduce ocean water pollution and the costs of engineering systems. In cooperative field testing from 1971 to 1975, it was demonstrated that effluent can be applied as supplemental water for furrow irrigation of sugarcane without detriment to ground water quality and sugar yield. Studies are in progress to test different dilutions of effluent and its use with chemical ripeners to improve crop yield. Sugarcane plantations on Oahu, Maui, and Kauai are in various stages of water reuse by effluent irrigation. Reuse is presently practiced for irrigation of golf courses and is being planned for forage crops in Hawaii.