不同类型土壤镉含量对香芋镉吸收的影响

为探明香芋(Colocasia esculenta)镉(Cd)超标的关键原因,在湖南临武香芋主产区分别选择紫色页岩和第四纪红壤发育的Cd污染水稻土,研究土壤Cd含量、Cd活性及土壤基本理化性质对香芋Cd吸收的影响,以期为香芋的安全种植提供技术支撑。结果表明,两个试验点所有香芋Cd质量分数皆超过食品安全国家标准(0.1 mg·kg^-1),且各试验点内田块间土壤Cd含量、pH差异显著,而土壤有机质和阳离子交换量变异较小;紫色页岩发育的中碱性水稻土壤Cd活性、Cd在土壤-香芋系统中的转移系数(TFstem/taro、TFtaro/soil)皆低于第四纪红壤发育的酸性水稻土;紫色页岩发育的中碱性水稻土中,香芋Cd含量主要受土壤全Cd、TFtaro/soil的正调控;而第四纪红壤发育的酸性水稻土壤中,香芋Cd含量既受土壤全Cd、DTPA-Cd、TFtaro/soil的正调控,还受土壤pH的负调控。为实现香芋的安全生产,紫色页岩发育的中碱性水稻土中,应优先选择Cd吸收能力较低的香芋品种,或选择土壤全Cd低于0.65 mg·kg^-1的土壤进行种植;而在第四纪红壤发育的酸性水稻土壤中,则可优先选择Cd吸收能力较低的香芋品种,或选择土壤全Cd含量低于0.41 mg·kg^-1的土壤,或调理土壤pH至6.26以上,以及钝化土壤DTPA-Cd至0.19 mg·kg^-1以下的技术措施,抑制土壤Cd向香芋的迁移转运。     

连作芋艿套作对土壤养分及酶活性的影响

针对芋艿连作障碍造成土壤环境破坏的问题,进行玉米、毛豆与芋艿套作的田间试验,通过对土壤养分、土壤酶活以及芋艿产量、品质的分析,探讨套作减缓芋艿连作障碍的可行性。试验共设置4个处理:连作芋艿、非连作芋艿、套作玉米和套作毛豆。结果表明:(1)套作可以均衡连作土壤的养分含量,套作处理平均可以比连作提升速效氮9.88%、速效钾58.21%、有机质70.36%,降低速效磷64.08%。(2)套作可以提升连作土壤酶活性,套作处理平均可以比连作提高过氧化氢酶活性23.75%、脲酶活性38.15%、蔗糖酶活性129.60%。(3)在套作土壤中,过氧化氢酶活性与速效磷、速效钾显著正相关,脲酶活性与pH、速效氮显著正相关,蔗糖酶活性与有机质、速效氮显著正相关,套作使连作土壤酶活性的影响因子向非连作土壤转化。     

Impact of soil quality on elemental uptake by,and distribution in,Colocasia esculenta (Amadumbe), an edible root

In this study the elemental distribution of selected essential (Ca, Mg, Al, Mn, Cu, Fe, Co, Cr, Zn, Ni and Se) and the non-essential (Pb, Hg and As) elements were determined in the bulb and peel of Amadumbe (Colocasia esculenta) samples from eight different sites in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. The concentration of Se and As in the soil and in the Amadumbe bulbs were below the detection limit of 0.09 μg g^?1. The total and bioavailable concentrations of the elements in conjunction with pH, soil organic matter (SOM) and cation exchange capacity (CEC) were determined in the soil samples from the eight sites. Statistical analysis was done to evaluate the impact of soil quality parameters on the chemical composition of the Amadumbe root. The results show accumulation or exclusion of certain elements by the bulb as evidenced by the noticeable increase or decrease of the concentrations of elements, respectively. Ca and Mg were found to be major elements in the range (2000–12000 μg g^?1), whilst Mn, Zn, Fe and Al were found to be minor elements in the range (20–400 μg g^?1). A general trend observed was that the plant favours the absorption of Zn over Cu. A positive correlation between Mg & Ca, Cu & Fe and Co & Ni was also observed. Statistical analysis revealed that the plant tended to accumulate Mg, Ca, Co, Cr and Pb whilst it excluded Hg and Fe, to a lesser extent.     

芋脱毒苗的组培快繁及田间试验

以莱阳孤芋为材料，研究了其茎尖分生组织培养脱毒及快繁技术，通过酶联免疫检测和电镜观察证实，经3次茎尖剥离培养所得试管苗已脱去芋花叶病毒，脱毒试管苗在MS ρ(BA)1.0mgL^-1 ρ(NAA)0.2mgL^-1的培养基中培养，月增殖系数为5.6；而培养基MS ρ（NAA)0.05-0.1mgL^-1 ρ(BA)0.15mgL^-1，不仅适于芋试管苗的生根，还有利于分化成苗，田间试验证明，脱毒试管苗定植于网室后，植株生长旺盛，球茎数量多，平均每株29.1个，两年的小区对比试验表明，脱毒种芋在球茎数量和产量上分别比CK增加37.6%-62.6%和20.2%-40.0%。商品芋数增加44.1%-67.6%。表4参1。     

有机-无机复混肥对番茄产量和品质的影响

文章采用田间小区试验研究了有机-无机复混肥对番茄产量和品质的影响。结果表明:施用有机-无机复混肥显著促进番茄植株生长,改善番茄品质。芋头秸秆堆肥、玉米秸秆堆肥处理的番茄株分别比传统施肥处理高5.43%和4.10%,茎粗分别比传统施肥处理高10.04%和10.93%,花朵数分别比传统施肥处理多6.98%、6.40%,分别比对照增产13.73%、13.35%。两种复混肥处理下番茄果实Vc含量分别比传统施肥处理多19.35%、18.83%。综合考虑研究区的实际情况,牛粪:芋头秸=2:1堆肥后制成有机-无机复混肥具有优良的肥料品质,建议推广应用于生产中。