乙醇汽油与普通汽油非常规污染物排放特性对比研究

在一台满足国Ⅴ排放标准的双喷射(气口喷射+缸内直喷)汽油机上开展了燃用E10乙醇汽油(乙醇体积比为10%)对发动机非常规排放特性影响的试验研究.使用傅里叶变换红外分析仪(FTIR)测量了饱和烃、不饱和烃、芳香烃及醇、醛等非常规污染物排放量,对比分析了双喷射模式时各工况下E0和E10两种燃料的非常规排放水平.结果表明,双喷射模式下,加入乙醇有效降低了乙烯、1,3-丁二烯、苯和甲苯的排放量,但会导致乙醛排放升高.双喷射模式下,随着负荷增加,两种燃料下的1,3-丁二烯和甲苯排放呈现先升高后降低的趋势,乙烯、甲醛和苯排放则先降低后升高.乙醇能抑制1,3-丁二烯、乙烯生成,抑制效果为PFI模式优于双喷射模式,GDI模式抑制量最低.PFI和GDI模式下E10的甲醛排放均显著升高,但双喷射模式有效抑制了甲醛排放的增加.     

Pollution prevention at ports: clearing the air

Seaports are major hubs of economic activity and of environmental pollution in coastal urban areas. Due to increasing global trade, transport of goods through ports has been steadily increasing and will likely continue to increase in the future. Evaluating air pollution impacts of ports requires consideration of numerous sources, including marine vessels, trucks, locomotives, and off-road equipment used for moving cargo. The air quality impacts of ports are significant, with particularly large emissions of diesel exhaust, particulate matter, and nitrogen oxides. The health effects of these air pollutants to residents of local communities include asthma, other respiratory diseases, cardiovascular disease, lung cancer, and premature mortality. In children, there are links with asthma, bronchitis, missed school days, and emergency room visits. The significance of these environmental health impacts requires aggressive efforts to mitigate the problem. Approaches to mitigation encompass a range of possibilities from currently available, low-cost approaches, to more significant investments for cleaner air. Examples of the former include restrictions on truck idling and the use of low-sulfur diesel fuel; the latter includes shore-side power for docked ships, and alternative fuels. A precautionary approach to port-related air pollution would encourage local production of goods in order to reduce marine traffic, greener design for new terminals, and state-of-the art approaches to emissions-control that have been successfully demonstrated at ports throughout the world.     

Multipoint source method in air pollution modelling of cold start emission

The paper presents a new method of air pollution modelling on a micro scale. For estimation of concentration of car exhaust pollutants, each car is treated as an instantaneous moving emission source. This approach enables us to model time and spatial changes of emission, especially during cold and cool start of an engine. These stages of engine work are a source of significant pollution concentration in urban areas. In this work, two models are proposed: one for the estimation of emission after cold start of the engine and another for the prediction of pollutant concentration. The first model (defined for individual exhaust gas pollutants) enables us to calculate the emission as a function of time after the cold or cool start, ambient temperature and average speed of motion. This model uses the HBEFA database. The second mathematical model is developed in order to calculate the pollutant dispersion and concentrations. The finite volume method is applied to discretise the set of partial differential equations describing wind flow and pollutant dispersion in the domain considered. Models presented in this paper can be called short-term models on a small spatial scale. The results of numerical simulation of pollutant emission and dispersion are also presented.     

A comparison of hydrocarbons emission from engine running 85# gasoline and M-100 methanol fuel

Increasing global interest in methanoi fuel has led us to investigate the exhaust emissionsof its engine. Analysis of its inorganic and organic emissions. such as CO. NO_x and hydrocarbons(total HC) have been widely reported. This paper presents an analysis of more than 20 kinds ofhydrocarbons in the emissions obtained from a spark-ignition Shanghai car running 85^# gasoline anda comparison with emission from a Santana test car running M-100 methanol fuel. A set ofenrichment method has also been described. Test results show that at the current stage of methanolengine development the concentration of individual hydrocarbon including some poisonous substancesis lower than those of normal gasoline engine.     

石油化工厂区土壤中总石油烃分布的研究

为了进行石油化工厂区地下环境的现场评估，利用气相色谱法（EPA8015B）对其土壤中总石油烃（TPHs)进行了测定，测定结果以柴油范围的有机物（DRO）和润滑油范围的有机物（ORO）表示。结果表明：土壤各层DRO检出率在58％－72％之间，ORO检出率在82％－89％之间，大多数检出点位的DRO、ORO含量小于500mg/kg；个别点位的DRO、ORO高达30000mg/kg。     

船舶柴油机NOx后处理技术的进展

根据国内外的降低NOx排放方面最新的成果和科研动态，主要介绍了当前正在研究或者已经应用于实际的有效降低柴油机NOx排放的技术措施，并分析了各种技术方法的特点和在实际应用过程中面临的问题。     

柴油发动机隔振方面的仿真研究

本文主要研究模糊控制技术在柴油发动机隔振系统中的应用，将模糊控制技术引入柴油发动机隔振主动控制系统，针对柴油发动机隔振模拟实验台架的振动特点，建立了控制系统数学模型，进行了柴油发动机隔振模拟实验台架垂直方向的仿真研究。     

柴油汽车掺烧LPG降低黑烟排放技术

研究了柴油机掺烧液化石油气(LPG)以降低黑烟排放的技术方案，并开发出了一种以独特型板调节装置为特征的机械控制式柴油/LPG双燃料供给系统。发动机不改变原有结构加装该系统后即成为柴油/LPG双燃料发动机，可以同时燃烧柴油和LPG两种燃料，并且在整个工作范围内，随着工况变化能够按照预先优化设定的型板型线规律而自动调节柴油／LPG供给量比例，使烟度降低50％以上，同时满足经济性、动力性以及操作性能等要求，此外，也可以切换为单独燃烧柴油，而不改变发动机的原有性能。该系统结构简单、成本低廉，非常适合于改装城市在用公交车，降低其黑烟排放。     

高原铁路机车乘务人员生理选拔指标研究

为了研究高原铁路机车乘务员生理选拔指标,确定生理指标鉴定标准值,选择西宁铁路分局西格段机车司机500人进行指标体系鉴定试验。其结果表明:西格段机车司机总体合格率为31.6%,年龄、行车线路高度差对合格率有较大影响;确认红细胞压积、白细胞计数、血小板计数、血氧饱和度、血糖、谷草转氨酶、总胆红素、直接胆红素、尿蛋白和尿红细胞为较敏感的高原低氧生理代偿指标;可作为生理适应性筛检指标。提出选拔青藏铁路机车乘务员应采用基础体检、高原适应性体检二级结构模型;制定了高原机车乘务员体检鉴定医学标准、测试方法、合格判定标准。     

Ergonomic assessment of selected workstations on a merchant ship

This study describes some key ergonomic factors within the engine room, navigation bridge and other locations of a merchant ship. Ergonomic assessments were carried out on a crew of a merchant ship. The study examines the importance of factors such as noise, vibration, heat radiation (in machinery areas), psychological stress and ergonomics of the physical arrangement of the navigation bridge. It also addresses the effect of working in confined areas for a long duration and the need to process large amounts of data, decision-making and the influence of specific operating conditions in different areas of a ship. This study includes analysis of workstations, working methods and the burden of environmental factors as well as a discussion of specific marine environmental conditions such as confined working and leisure spaces, long-term family and sociocultural separation, frequent changes in climate and time zones, and temporary physical overload and long-term psychological burdens.