利用水生植物净化富营养化水体的研究进展

综述了近几年来利用水生植物净化富营养化水体的研究和应用现状，包括水生植物的净化机理和净化效果，并对目前常用净化富营养化水体的水生植物研究频度进行了统计。此外，还着重强调了水生植物在净化应用中需关注的问题，展望了这种净化技术的发展前景。     

A device for sampling the mud‐water interface in eutrophic lakes and bogs for residue analysis

Abstract

A tubular device has been developed making it possible to obtain layered samples of loosely aggregated, flocculent material from bogs or eutrophic lakes. The samples are up to 50 cm long and 15 cm in diameter. The sampler is free from protuberances and intact, layered samples can be taken. The tubular part of the sampler is about 85 em long, the walls of the lower 25‐cm portion harbouring a pneumatic closing mechanism which is controlled from above the water surface. An extendible handle for manipulating the sampler and for guiding it into place, is fastened to the upper end of the sampling tube. The performance and the operation of the sampler in the field are described.     

Linkage between water soluble organic matter and bacterial community in sediment from a shallow, eutrophic lake, Lake Chaohu, China

Lacustrine sediment played important roles in migration and transformation of its water soluble organic matter (WSOM), and the source and composition of WSOM would affect water trophic status and the fate of pollutants. However, we know little about the pathway of WSOM transformation and its driving bacterial communities in lacustrine sediment. In the present study, we investigated the spatial distribution patterns of sediment WSOM and its fluorescent fractions across Lake Chaohu using fluorescence spectroscopy, and explored WSOM compositional structure through our proposed calculated ratios. In addition, we also analyzed sediment bacterial community using Illumina sequencing technology, and probed the possible pathway of sediment WSOM transformation under the mediate of indigenous bacteria. Our results showed that the inflowing rivers affected the spatial distribution patterns of WSOM and its five fractions (including tyrosine-, tryptophan-, fulvic acid-, humic acid-like substances and soluble microbial productions), and sediment WSOM originated from fresh algae detritus or bacterial sources. In parallel, we also found that Proteobacteria (mainly γ-Proteobacteria and δ-Proteobacteria), Firmicutes (mainly Bacilli), Chloroflexi, Acidobacteria, Planctomycetes and Actinobacteria dominate sediment bacterial community. Furthermore, these dominant bacteria triggered sediment WSOM transformation, specifically, the humic acid-like substances could be converted into fulvic acid-like substances, and further degraded into aromatic protein-like and SMP substances. In addition, our proposed ratios (P-L:H-L, Ar-P:SMP and H-L ratio), as supplementary tool, were effective to reveal WSOM composition structure. These results figured out possible pathway of WSOM transformation, and revealed its microbial mechanism in lacustrine sediment.     

冬季低温条件下浮床植物对富营养化水体的净化效果

在冬季低温条件下,采用浮床无土栽培技术,研究了水芹菜、多花黑麦草以及大蒜3种耐寒植物对富营养化水体的净化效果。试验结果表明,3种植物在水温4.0～10．1℃的条件下均生长良好,对水体中TN、NH4^＋-N、TP、CODMn污染物的去除率分别为59.3％～29.2％、65、2％～39.3％、55.6％～33.9％,55．7％～49．5％．对藻类的抑制率为88．4%～92．3％。通过比较,水芹菜净化能力最强,多花黑麦草次之,大蒜最弱。本项研究丰富了冬季低温条件下治理富营养化水体的方法．也为冬季浮床植物的选择提供了依据。     

乌江中上游水体营养状况底栖硅藻指示性属种的研究

首次对乌江中上游底栖硅藻和水环境因子间关系进行系统定量研究。对底栖硅藻和水环境因子进行主成分分析和相关分析。结果表明,总磷是影响底栖硅藻属种分布的第一显著因子。利用加权平均回归方法,计算出底栖硅藻属种对总磷指标响应的生态最佳值和忍耐值,提取出的Nitzschia frustulum(Kütz.)Grun.、Nitzschia fonticola Grun.、Nitzschiapalea(Kütz.)W.Sminth、Surirella angusta Kütz.Nitzschia amphibia Grun.等17种硅藻是乌江中上游河流富营养化发生的指示性属种。而Achnanthes minutissima Kütz.、Cymbella affinis、Diatoma vulagaris Bory、Navicula protracta(Grun.)Cleve等9种硅藻是乌江中上游中营养化水体的指示性属种,对较低营养水体有一定的指示意义。底栖硅藻指示性属种的提取对富营养化河流的治理和合理利用提供科学依据,为用硅藻监测、评价水质和建立河流水质监测体系提供理论基础。     

硝化细菌富集培养及处理富营养化水体应用研究

通过对沈阳市北部污水处理厂曝气池的活性污泥进行培养,使污泥中异养细菌数量减少,硝化细菌数量增加,成为优势菌,并用此污泥处理富营养化水体,结果氨氮大幅度降低。     

Mobility of Different Phosphorus Pools in the Sediment of Lake Dianchi during Cyanobacterial Blooms

By the method of P fractionation, we examined sedimentary P fractions in Lake Dianchi before and during cyanobacterial blooms, namely in April 2004 and August 2004, respectively. In this study, the whole lake is divided into four areas to discuss P fractions in sediment and the relationship between them and water quality or the nutrient status. The results show that where the water body was much more eutrophic (higher levels of total phosphorus, total nitrogen, chlorophyll and trophic status index) in Lake Dianchi, there can be more potentially available phosphorus (BD–P and NaOH–P) and less no available phosphorus (HCl–P and residual P) in the corresponding sediments. Statistical analysis and statistical plots are used to compare the distribution of every P fraction during cyanobacterial blooms with that before cyanobacterial blooms, and the results indicate that the different P fractions had the different mobility. HCl–P and residual P were relatively stable, while NaOH–P, BD–P and NH4Cl–P were more mobile. BD–P can intensively be released from sediment to water and consequently promote cyanobacterial blooms, and at the same time the NaOH–P concentration increased in sediment, which can result from that BD–P released can be partly immobilized to NaOH–P. During cyanobacterial blooms BD–P can be as a source, but NaOH–P as a sink. Besides, total phosphorus in sediment had no significant differences between two samplings.     

Nitrogen reduction using bioreactive thin-layer capping (BTC) with biozeolite: A field experiment in a eutrophic river

Bioreactive thin-layer capping (BTC) with biozeolite provides a potential remediation design that can sustainably treat N contamination from sediment and overlying water in eutrophic water bodies. Nitrogen (N) reduction using BTC with biozeolite was examined in a field incubation experiment in a eutrophic river in Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China. The biozeolite was zeolite with attached bacteria, including two isolated heterotrophic nitrifiers (Bacillus spp.) and two isolated aerobic denitrifiers (Acinetobacter spp.). The results showed that the total nitrogen (TN) reduction efficiency of the overlying water by BTC with biozeolite (with thickness of about 2 mm) reached a maximum (56.69%) at day 34, and simultaneous heterotrophic nitrification and aerobic denitrification occurred in the BTC system until day 34. There was a significant difference in the TN concentrations of the overlying water between biozeolite capping and control (t-test; p < 0.05). The biozeolite had very strong in situ bioregeneration ability. Carbon was the main source of nitrifier growth. However, both dissolved oxygen (DO) and carbon concentrations affected denitrifier growth. In particular, DO concentrations greater than 3 mg/L inhibited denitrifier growth. Therefore, BTC with biozeolite was found to be a feasible technique to reduce N in a eutrophic river. However, it is necessary to further strengthen the adaptability of aerobic denitrifiers through changing domestication methods or conditions.     

青山水库的浮游植物与营养类型评价

共鉴定青山水库藻类58属101种，其中有多污水体指示种5种，α－中污水体指示种24种、β－中污水体指示种49种，寡污水体指示种21种。优势种为窄颗粒直链藻（Melosiragranulatavar.angustissima）、颗粒直链藻（M.granulata）和小颤藻（Oscillatoriatenuis）。浮游植物的细胞密度为8.53×107个／L，生物量为16.34mg／L，叶绿素a为16.86mg／m3。根据浮游植物群落结构和水化学分析结果，青山水库已属富营养型水体，并有继续发展的趋势，控制污染，保护水质已刻不容缓。     

石菖蒲对富营养化水体的净化效应

石菖蒲的生态地理分布十分局限，曾被认为是清洁水的指示植物，但经实验发现，该水生维管束植物可在污水中正常生长，通过石菖蒲的植株总氮、总磷以及养植石菖蒲的富营养化水体的氧化物、有机物耗氧量、生化需氧量、溶解氧、铵氮、总磷、总氮等项指标，说明石菖蒲对富营养化水体具有良好的净化效应。