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1.
Onianwa PC 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2001,71(1):13-50
This article reviews the literatureon the use of mosses for monitoring atmospheric metalpollution. It discusses the nature of mosses, themechanisms for moss uptake of metals from the air andwet precipitation, the various forms in which mossesare used for this purpose, and cases in which mosseshave been used for monitoring local hot spots ofpollution, and regional patterns of metal pollution.Also highlighted are the questions of uptake of metalsfrom the substrates, interspecies differences, and acomparison of the effectiveness of mosses with otherindicator materials, among other issues. 相似文献
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With the advent of more stringent controls on wastewater treatment, sewage sludge production in Europe and many parts of the world is increasing. With this increase comes the problem of sludge disposal, and recycling to land arguably offers an economically and environmentally sustainable option. However, a major limitation of sewage sludge reuse is the potential release of heavy metals from the sludge and heavy metal accumulation to toxic levels in topsoils. The properties of the sludge play a crucial role in determining the initial release and subsequent availability of heavy metals in amended soils. Bioavailable forms of heavy metals in recently amended soils are most likely to be those that are bioavailable in the sewage sludge. In this paper, published research on the importance of sewage sludge characteristics on metal release and bioavailability will be reviewed and contrasted with original research. A selection of sludges from around Australia has been collected for this purpose. Through the use of incubation studies, isotope dilution techniques, ion-selective electrode measurements and 13C-NMR spectroscopy, the importance of a range of sludge properties on heavy metal behaviour in sludges and sludge-amended soils is addressed. 相似文献
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R Burt M.A WilsonT.J Keck B.D Dougherty D.E StromJ.A Lindahl 《Advances in Environmental Research》2003,8(1):51-67
Long-term copper smelting in the Anaconda and Deer Lodge Valley area of Montana has resulted in an extensive area of trace element contamination. Aerial extent of contamination is generally established, but total analysis of soils does not correlate to relative degree of impact on vegetation growth. Three pedons (Beaverell, Cetrack and Judco) were analyzed by routine soil characterization methods, aqua regia microwave digestion, sequential chemical extraction, and X-ray diffraction analysis with the objective of providing a better understanding of chemical forms and potential reactivity of selected trace elements (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Ni, P, Pb). Surface horizons of soils are more acidic than subsoils, with pH for all horizons ranging from 4.0 to 8.7. Beaverell is the most contaminated in the upper 20 cm with the sum of total extractable (SUMTE) trace elements by microwave digestion ranging from 1836 to 3605 mg kg−1, largest H2O-soluble (WS) and exchangeable (EX) fractions (e.g. 1.6 and 9.3%, respectively), and smallest residual (RES) fraction (e.g. 14.3%). Cetrack has greater SUMTE elements than Judco, though a lower WS+EX fraction due to the effects of alkaline pH, carbonates and high P. Oxide (OX), organic matter/sulfide (OM/S), and RES fractions predominate over WS, EX, and specially-sorbed/carbonate-bound fractions (SS/CAR) for all horizons. Copper, Zn, Pb and Cd are elevated in surface over subsurface horizons in these latter fractions, indicating these elements were anthropogenic additions. X-ray data indicate that Pb, Cu, Cr and Cd partially exists as both OX and sulfide mineral forms. 相似文献
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印刷线路板厂含铜污泥固化处理工艺研究 总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10
研究采用水泥作固化基材固化处理某印刷线路板厂酸性废水用石灰混凝所产生的含铜、锡、金的污泥 ,对固化块在不同 pH的水中重金属Cu2 +的浸出实验结果表明 :水泥固化处理该混凝污泥效果良好 ,控制合适的条件 ,可得到混合性能好、初凝时间适当、抗压强度较好的固化块。Cu2 +的浸出率低于允许浸出浓度。混凝过程中加入硫脲硅酸钠等助剂 ,可提高固化效果。研究还对几种不同配比的固化块抗压强度进行了探讨。 相似文献
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城市垃圾焚烧飞灰特性及水泥固化试验研究 总被引:12,自引:5,他引:7
试验分析了重庆市某城市垃圾焚烧发电厂飞灰的化学成分,研究了原飞灰的浸出毒性,考察了水泥对原飞灰和酸洗预处理飞灰中重金属的固化效果. 结果表明:飞灰中重金属Pb和Zn的浸出质量浓度均超过《危险废物浸出毒性鉴别标准》(GB5085.3-2007),因而被认为是危险废物,必须对之进行稳定化处理;酸洗预处理飞灰固化试块的抗压强度得到了一定程度的提高,其重金属Pb和Zn的浸出毒性均较相同配比、相同养护时间的原飞灰固化试块有明显降低;酸洗预处理飞灰固化试块抗压强度随掺入飞灰比例的降低和养护时间的延长而加大,在养护28 d时其抗压强度最高,达4.25 MPa;酸洗预处理飞灰固化试块在养护28 d时,其重金属Pb和Zn的浸出质量浓度分别比原飞灰所制固化试块降低了10.6%~59.0%和7.4%~73.7%. 相似文献
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长江下游典型滨海地区农业土壤重金属污染特征 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
为揭示长江下游滨海地区农业土壤重金属污染状况,以滨江临海的南通市为例,网格化布点,采集表层农业土壤样品共计334个,对其重金属Cu、Pb、Cr、As、Hg含量进行了测定分析.结果表明,研究区域表层农业土壤中各重金属含量均已超过其背景值,且以Pb污染最为严重;区域性差异较大,以滨海的如东、海门、启东污染最为严重,且以海门、启东As含量最高;各重金属间相关性不显著,来源途径不止一种.从而提出南通市农业土壤重金属污染的防治应立足于防重于治的方针,着重滨海地区,以Pb、As污染源为主,并对污染土壤进行修复. 相似文献
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钻井废泥浆中重金属化学形态及潜在生态效应评价 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
利用化学萃取法对江苏9个油田的不同类型钻井废泥浆的重金属化学形态分布特征进行调查分析,同时选用Hakanson的潜在生态危害指数法对钻井废泥浆中的重金属总量进行生态效应评价。结果表明,钻井废泥浆中Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr主要以残渣态和有机结合态为主,活性形态含量较低;采用Hakanson的潜在生态危害指数进行评价,发现Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd都属于轻微生态危害水平,而Cr多属于中等水平,产生潜在生态危害的重金属主要为Cr。 相似文献