Temporal and spatial patterns of micropollutants in urban receiving waters

Based on a monitoring program over the course of a year, we characterize the temporal and spatial distribution of selected micropollutants in an urban watershed within the city of Leipzig, Germany. Micropollutants revealed a ubiquitous presence in untreated and treated wastewater, surface water and groundwater. The loads of 4-nonylphenol in the effluents of the municipal wastewater treatment plant followed a seasonal trend, whereas the loads of all other micropollutants were highly variable and not correlated to seasons. In the surface water, load seasonality of caffeine, galaxolide and tonalide resulted from a rapid removal with increased water temperature. The loads of 4-nonylphenol and of caffeine in the colder months increased when rainfall occurred. In the groundwater, complex spatial and temporal patterns were apparent and were related to varying input, retardation and removal processes. As a consequence, an assessment of micropollutants in urban waters should consider different micropollutants' temporal and spatial variability.     

Microbial degradation of pharmaceuticals in estuarine and coastal seawater

Microbial degradation rates were measured for 19 pharmaceuticals in estuarine and coastal surface water samples. Antipyrine, carbamazepine, cotinine, sulfamethoxazole, and trimethoprim were the most refractory (half-lives, t_1/2 = 35 to >100 days), making them excellent candidates for wastewater tracers. Nicotine, acetaminophen, and fluoxetine were labile across all treatments (t_1/2 = 0.68-11 days). Caffeine, diltiazem, and nifedipine were also and relatively labile in all but one of the treatments (t_1/2 = 3.5-13 days). Microbial degradation of caffeine was further confirmed by production ¹⁴CO₂. The fastest decay of non-refractory compounds was always observed in more sewage-affected Jamaica Bay waters. Degradation rates for the majority of these pharmaceuticals are much slower than reported rates for small biomolecules, such as glucose and amino acids. Batch sorption experiments indicate that removal of these soluble pharmaceuticals from the water column to sediments is a relatively insignificant removal process in these receiving waters.     

水环境中优先控制药物筛选体系的建立与应用

参考国外经验,以药物在水环境中的预测含量、存在持久性及其毒性为依据,研究建立了水环境中优先控制药物的筛选体系,并对上海市水环境中的七类药物进行了筛选.结果表明,得分40以上的药物有8种,30～40分之间的有16种,可以作为上海市水环境中的"优先控制药物".建立的筛选体系具有可操作性及普适性,为明确今后监测管理的重点以及水环境中药物生态风险评价及其污染控制提供了重要依据.     

脉冲电晕等离子体法烟气脱硫脱硝技术进展

本文概述了脉冲电晕等离子体法（PPCP）烟气脱硫脱硝技术的发展历史、研究现状、重点概述了脉冲电源的研制情况。分析了存在的主要技术问题;预测了该技术的发展趋势。