The Thermal Discharges From Nuclear Power Plants in Taiwan

The increasing use of sea water for industrial cooling presents a real threat to the ecological environment in the ocean. in Taiwan where many electric power plants along the coast take sea water for cooling, people are concerned seriously about nuclear power plants. There are three nuclear power plants in Taiwan. Each plant has two units for generating power. the first two are located along the northern coast of Taiwan. the third is located in Kenting National Park along the coast of southernmost Taiwan. the plants take sea water for cooling, and discharge their heated effluents to the ocean surface from the coast. the thermal effluents have variable effects on the ecological environment near the plants. Fishermen living near the power plants complain that the heated water affects the inshore fishery catch. in addition, the thermal water from the second plant is easily accumulated near the coastal zone to influence the nearby swimming area in the summer-time. the thermal water from the third plant bleaches or kills some corals in shallow water near the outlet, and this conflicts with the interests of Kenting National Park.     

Isotope tracing of submarine groundwater discharge offshore Ubatuba, Brazil: results of the IAEA–UNESCO SGD project

Results of groundwater and seawater analyses for radioactive (³H, ²²²Rn, ²²³Ra, ²²⁴Ra, ²²⁶Ra, and ²²⁸Ra) and stable (D and ¹⁸O) isotopes are presented together with in situ spatial mapping and time series ²²²Rn measurements in seawater, direct seepage measurements using manual and automated seepage meters, pore water investigations using different tracers and piezometric techniques, and geoelectric surveys probing the coast. This study represents first time that such a new complex arsenal of radioactive and non-radioactive tracer techniques and geophysical methods have been used for simultaneous submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) investigations. Large fluctuations of SGD fluxes were observed at sites situated only a few meters apart (from 0 cm d⁻¹ to 360 cm d⁻¹; the unit represents cm³/cm²/day), as well as during a few hours (from 0 cm d⁻¹ to 110 cm d⁻¹), strongly depending on the tidal fluctuations. The average SGD flux estimated from continuous ²²²Rn measurements is 17 ± 10 cm d⁻¹. Integrated coastal SGD flux estimated for the Ubatuba coast using radium isotopes is about 7 × 10³ m³ d⁻¹ per km of the coast. The isotopic composition (δD and δ¹⁸O) of submarine waters was characterised by significant variability and heavy isotope enrichment, indicating that the contribution of groundwater in submarine waters varied from a small percentage to 20%. However, this contribution with increasing offshore distance became negligible. Automated seepage meters and time series measurements of ²²²Rn activity concentration showed a negative correlation between the SGD rates and tidal stage. This is likely caused by sea level changes as tidal effects induce variations of hydraulic gradients. The geoelectric probing and piezometric measurements contributed to better understanding of the spatial distribution of different water masses present along the coast. The radium isotope data showed scattered distributions with offshore distance, which imply that seawater in a complex coast with many small bays and islands was influenced by local currents and groundwater/seawater mixing. This has also been confirmed by a relatively short residence time of 1–2 weeks for water within 25 km offshore, as obtained by short-lived radium isotopes. The irregular distribution of SGD seen at Ubatuba is a characteristic of fractured rock aquifers, fed by coastal groundwater and recirculated seawater with small admixtures of groundwater, which is of potential environmental concern and has implications on the management of freshwater resources in the region.     

A Marine Pollution Study of Northeast Coastal Water Off Taiwan Island

The coastal water of northeast Taiwan island, called 'Yin-Yang Hai' for its distinct yellow colour compared with blue offshore water, was investigated from 1989 to 1990 by the authors. Biological study showed the dominant species of plankton to be Copepoda, Cladocera, planktonic eggs and Diatoma. Dominant species of benthos were young crabs, Amphipoda and Annelida, with Amphipoda usually occurring in heavily polluted areas. Heavy metal data showed that the concentration of copper was high. the copper and iron concentration in algae of the intertidal zone was also high. the concentrations of iron and copper in inshore water were also higher than in offshore water. By comparison of the pH and salinity distribution of this area, we conclude that this coastal water has been polluted by acid waste water from coastal industry. the suspended solids concentration in sea water is high. Flocculation occurring at the boundary of fresh and saline water might be a reason for the distinct yellow colour of the water of this area. Further study is required.     

黄河流域水污染排放特征及污染集聚格局分析

掌握污染源排放特征及其空间差异,是在流域尺度提升水污染治理水平的重要基础.该研究分别从污染源的活动水平（简称“活动水平”）、污染物产生、污染物去除和污染物排放4个方面选取了28个指标,对黄河流域60个市州主要水污染物排放特征开展了现状评价和聚类分析.采用污染分布的地理集中度指数表征各市州污染集聚格局,并利用空间分析模型Global Moran's I和G_i*指数判断污染排放的空间集聚趋势与冷热点地区.结果表明:按照水污染排放特征的差异,黄河流域不同地区在水污染格局上可划分为高排放强度区、高排放绩效区、污染集聚区和低排放绩效区;水污染物排放与经济发展格局分布一致,上游、中游到下游地区呈现明显的阶梯型分布,上游地区单位水资源利用效率和排放绩效低,下游地区区域性污染集聚效应明显;山西省、河南省和山东省沿黄城市在空间上表现为区域性连片污染集聚,集中分布在晋中城市群和中原城市群.针对当前黄河流域水污染排放特征和空间集聚格局,建议制定统一的生态环境保护与治理策略,加强中下游城市群的污染协同控制.      

船舶排污的现场监察与综合确认

船舶排污现场监察识别和综合确认，涉及面广，是环境监察的重要内容之一。根据我国现行环境管理法规及ISO14000环境管理体系中环境因素的识别方法，提出了船舶排污现场监察识别程序，监察识别内容和综合确认的方法，为环境管理决策提供依据。     

广东省地方污染物排放标准的特点

介绍了广东省地方污染物排放标准中的《水污染物排放限值》和《大气污染物排放限值》的主要特点 ,对今后标准修订提出了建议     

渔业污染物排放总量核定办法的探讨

指出水产品代谢物的排出及没有被水产品利用的残饵是造成渔业养殖中水环境污染的重要原因之一。针对渔业污染物的生成情况，提出了渔业污染物排放总量的3种核定方法：实测法、物料平衡法、经验系数法。     

有机液体固定顶罐储存的污染物排放与控制

以石油类储存为例，通过其在固定顶罐储存、装卸的呼吸排放和工作排放的计算分析，提出控制有机液体排放的工程技术措施和管理措施。     

上海设施蔬菜主要品种污染物含量调查评估

通过对上海郊区单栋大棚、连栋大棚和现代化智能温室生产的叶菜类和茄果类设施蔬菜的主要品种污染物（农药和硝酸盐）含量抽样调查，并以附近大田蔬菜作为对照，分析结果发现，上海郊区设施蔬菜农药和硝酸盐的污染物含量普遍高于大地蔬菜，且超标状况比较严重。究其因，设施蔬菜生产较常规大田蔬菜生产农药与化肥使用水平高，而且在封闭环境条件下污染物降解速度慢，容易残留或积累超标。     

餐饮废水处理技术探讨

介绍了我国餐饮业的发展趋势，指出餐饮废水已经成为城市的主要高浓度污染源之一，同时适当地讨论了目前餐饮废水处理技术研究的现状以及处理系统的技术要求，最后提出了对不同规模的餐饮废水处理的适当方法。