Reduction of dissolved organic matter in terms of DOC, UV-254, SUVA and THMFP in industrial estate wastewater treated by stabilization ponds

The aim of this research was to monitor the influent and effluent water quality of the aeration, facultative and oxidation water treatment ponds of an industrial estate. This industrial estate, the largest in northern Thailand, has proposed to utilization of reclaimed treated wastewater in their raw water supply so as to cope with the yearly water shortage during the dry season. Water samples were collected four times from four sampling points and evaluated for their dissolved organic matter (DOM) content in terms of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), ultraviolet light absorbance at 254 nm (UV-254), specific ultraviolet absorption (SUVA), trihalomethane formation potential (THMFP) and trihalomethane (THM) species. Average values of DOC, UV-254, SUVA and THMFP in the influent wastewater of 12.9 mg L⁻¹, 0.165 cm⁻¹, 1.29 L mg⁻¹m⁻¹ and 1.24 mg L⁻¹, respectively, were observed. The aeration ponds produced the best results: a 54% reduction of DOC, a 33% reduction of UV-254, and a 57% reduction of THMFP. However, SUVA in the aeration pond effluent showed a moderate increase. The facultative ponds and oxidation ponds did not take part in the reduction of DOC, UV-254, SUVA and THMFP. Average DOC, UV-254, SUVA and THMFP value of the treated wastewater were 5.8 mg L⁻¹, 0.107 cm⁻¹, 1.85 L mg⁻¹m⁻¹ and 468 μg L⁻¹, respectively. Chloroform, at 72.6% of total THMFP, was found to be the predominant THM species.     

广东省主要土类的三卤甲烷生成潜能(THMFP)

通过振荡浸出实验,测定了广东省几种主要土类的三卤甲烷生成潜能(THMFP),比较了土壤浸提液中溶解态(可过滤态)有机物与悬浮态(不可过滤态)有机物在形成三卤甲烷(THMs)中的作用,并对影响土壤THMFP的各种因素进行讨论结果表明:①各主要土类表层土中,未过滤浸提液的整体THMFP(b-THMFP)含量范围为:0.7～36.8μg/g土,中值为10.6μg/g土;过滤浸提液的THMFP(指可溶性有机物的THMFP,即d-THMFP)含量范围为:0.5～21.2μg/g土,中值为3.9μg/g土;其中,19号石灰土的b-THMFP和d-THMFP最高,20号紫色土的b-THMFP最低,5号赤红壤的d-THMFP最低.②总体上,悬浮态有机物对THMs生成量有较大的正贡献.③影响土壤THMFP的因素主要是有机质含量、各种氧化物含量、土壤发生层次、植被等.     

南方天然水体DOM的化学分级、变化特征及三卤甲烷生成势(THMFP)特性研究

采用XAD树脂吸附法,在春季内(3～5月)连续对南方深圳水库中的水体溶解性有机物(DOM)进行化学分级表征.结果表明,天然水体DOM的总量和单个化学分级组分含量在一个季节会发生一定的波动,但总的分布特征在季节内未发生根本变化,即憎水酸(HoA)和亲水部分(HiM)浓度始终较高,而憎水碱(HoB)、憎水中性物(HoN)、弱憎水酸(WHoA)浓度则相对较低.同时,选取代表性时间点对DOM各化学分级组分进行了消毒副产物三卤甲烷生成势(THMFP)的研究,发现三卤甲烷(THMs)的主要前驱物为憎水和弱憎水有机部分,对THMFP的贡献共占约80%.进一步研究发现,憎水中性物、憎水酸、弱憎水酸的THMs生成能力较强,总体上与紫外吸收能力基本一致;但弱憎水酸表现略有不同,其SUVA(100×UV254/DOC)值并不十分突出,但三卤甲烷生成能力却明显较高,说明DOM的紫外吸收特性不能完全作为THMFP特性的替代指标.亲水物质(HiM)的SUVA值也不高,但其THMs生成能力接近憎水酸部分,值得水处理工艺研究重点关注.     

黄浦江水源的溶解性有机物分子量分布变化的特点

通过一年时间对黄浦江上游水进行有机物分子量分布的测定，表明黄浦江有机物分子量分布的变化受湖泊水质和排入污水的共同影响，其主要特征是溶解性的低分子量有机物占多数，黄浦江水中的腐殖酸含量和三氯甲烷生成潜能在夏季时最高，冬季时最低。     

华南地区土壤中不同结合态腐殖质的三卤甲烷生成潜能

通过提取土壤中各结合态腐殖酸组分 ,研究华南地区不同土壤类型、不同结合态腐殖酸的三卤甲烷生成潜能 (THMFP) .结果表明 :①稳结态腐殖酸 (H2)的 THMFP最大 ,其次是松结态腐殖酸 (H1) ,紧结态腐殖酸 (H3)的 THMFP最小 ;②各土样不同结合态腐殖酸中 ,基本上是富里酸 (FA)的 THMFP大于胡敏酸 (HA)的 THMFP;③同属铁铝土纲的麻红壤、赤红壤和砖红壤 3者中 ,砖红壤各结合态腐殖酸的 CHCl₃生成量最小 ;④水稻土和湿潮土两者各结合态腐殖酸的 CHCl₃生成量的变化规律基本一致 .     

臭氧预氧化对藻细胞及胞外分泌物消毒副产物生成势的影响

以处于对数生长期后期的悦目颤藻为研究对象,研究了藻细胞及胞外分泌物对氯化消毒副产物生成势(DBPFP)的贡献,以及臭氧预氧化对DBPFP的影响规律,即不同臭氧投量及预氧化时间对DBPFP的影响,并探讨臭氧预氧化控制消毒副产物生成势的原因.研究表明,藻细胞和胞外分泌物的三卤甲烷类副产物都主要是氯仿和一溴二氯甲烷,卤乙酸类副产物都主要是二氯乙酸和三氯乙酸.颤藻细胞和其EOM本身及经臭氧预氧化混凝后形成卤乙酸的能力基本都高于形成三卤甲烷的能力,在实际含藻水的处理中,应该更加重视对卤乙酸的控制.臭氧预氧化可以降低胞外分泌物形成氯化消毒副产物(DBP)的能力,且随着反应时间延长,DBPFP降低越多.在本试验条件下,0.975 mg/L臭氧预氧化10min后混凝,可比单纯混凝降低胞外分泌物DBPFP 31%,其中HAAFP降低52.6%,而THMFP却升高12.5%,可见臭氧预氧化控制胞外分泌物DBPFP主要原因是其可以很好地控制卤乙酸生成势.同时臭氧预氧化会使含藻细胞水样的DBPFP大幅度升高,且随着氧化时间延长,各种氯化消毒副产物生成势几乎呈线性增加.在实际水处理中,应在去除藻细胞之后再进行臭氧氧化以控制DBPFP.     

典型南方水源溶解性有机物分子量分布变化及去除特性

用超滤膜法对以东江为水源的深圳水库水体溶解性有机物(DOM)进行物理分级表征,研究了2005年3～9月原水中DOM分子量分布的连续变化特性,以及各分子量范围的DOM组分与消毒副产物三卤甲烷生成势(THMFP)之间的关系结果表明,在此原水DOM中,相对分子量小于1000的有机物所占比例最高(平均值为41.15%(以DOC计)),这说明东江原水中DOM主要以小分子量有机物为主,此分子量范围有机物所产生的THMFP在原水中所占比例均值为32.23%水处理研究表明,常规工艺和深度处理工艺对其DOC和THMFP的去除率均不高.对原水总DOC的贡献占第二位的是分子量在104～3×104之间的有机物(均值为24.07%),其对总THMFP的贡献率为29.09%,常规工艺对此分子量范围有机物去除效果很好.     

羟基氧化铁催化臭氧氧化对滤后水THMs生成势的控制作用

实验比较了滤后水经过单独臭氧氧化和羟基氧化铁催化臭氧氧化后的三卤甲烷生成势(THMFP).考察了不同的溴离子含量、pH值、碱度、O₃/TOC比例、氧化反应时间、催化剂投量时,2种氧化条件下滤后水THMFP的变化规律.发现羟基氧化铁催化氧化后,滤后水的THMFP比单独臭氧氧化后的降低了30.5%.溴离子浓度较高时THMs以溴代产物为主,羟基氧化铁催化氧化后溴代的THMFP是单独臭氧氧化后的45%～65.5%.在滤后水pH值为6.33～9.43、O3/TOC比值为0.65～2.05、氧化时间为2～20min的条件下,羟基氧化铁催化氧化都表现出明显降低THMFP的优势.碱度升高使2种氧化后的THMFP都降低,且使其差值减小.催化剂存在降低THMFP的最佳投量.催化氧化降低滤后水THMFP的原因是比单独臭氧氧化提高了对TOC的去除率,催化产生的羟基自由基进一步氧化降低了水中有机物卤代活性位的数量.     

Trihalomethane formation potential of organic fractions in secondary effluent

Organic matter is known to be the precursor of numerous chlorination by-products. Organic matter in the secondary e uent from the Wenchang Wastewater Treatment Plant (Harbin, China) was physically separated into the following fractions: particulate organic carbon (1.2–0.45 m), colloidal organic carbon (0.45–0.1 m), fine colloidal organic carbon (0.1–0.025 m), and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) (< 0.025 m). Moreover, < 0.45 m fraction was chemically separated into hydrophobic acid (HPO-A), hydrophobic neutral (HPO-N), transphilic acid (TPI-A), transphilic neutral (TPI-N), and hydrophilic fraction (HPI). The chlorine reactivity of these organic fractions obtained from both size and XAD fractionations were evaluated. The structural and chemical compositions of the HPO-A, HPO-N, TPI-A, and TPI-N isolates were characterized using elemental analysis (C, H, O, and N), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-NMR). Results showed that DOC was dominant in terms of total concentration and trihalomethane formation potential (THMFP), and there was no statistical di erence in both specific THMFP (STHMFP) and specific ultraviolet light absorbance among the 0.45, 0.1, and 0.025 m filtrates. HPO-A had the highest STHMFP compared to other chemical fractions. HPO-A, HPO-N, TPI-A, and TPI-N contained 3.02%–3.52% of nitrogen. The molar ratio of H/C increased in the order of HPO-A < HPO-N < TPI-A < TPI-N. The O/C ratio was relatively high for TPI-N as compared to those for the other fractions. 1H-NMR analysis of the four fractions indicated that the relative content of aromatic protons in HPO-A was significantly higher than those in the others. The ratio of aliphatic to aromatic protons increased in the order of HPO-A < HPO-N < TPI-A < TPI-N. FT-IR analysis of the four fractions showed that HPO-A had greater aromatic C==C content whereas HPO-N, TPI-A, and TPI-N had greater aliphatic C–H content. TPI-N contained more oxygen-containing functional groups than the other fractions.