FOREST HARVESTING AND STREAMWATER INORGANIC CHEMISTRY IN WESTERN NORTH AMERICA: A REVIEW1

The solution chemistry of forested streams primarily in western North America is explained by considering the major factors that influence this chemistry — geological weathering; atmospheric precipitation and climate; precipitation acidity; terrestrial biological processes; physical/chemical reactions in the soil; and physical, chemical, and biological processes within streams. Due to the complexity of all these processes and their varying importance for different chemicals, stream water chemistry has exhibited considerable geographic and temporal variation and is difficult to model accurately. The impacts of forest harvesting on stream water chemistry were reviewed by considering the effects of harvesting on each of the important factors controlling this chemistry, as well as other factors influencing these impacts ‐ extent of the watershed harvested, presence of buffer strips between streams and harvested areas, nature of post‐harvesting site preparation, revegetation rate following harvesting, pre‐harvesting soil fertility, and soil buffering capacity. These effects have sometimes reinforced one another but have sometimes been counterbalancing or slight so that harvesting impacts on stream water chemistry have been highly variable. Eight major knowledge gaps were identified, two of which — a scarcity of detailed stream chemical budgets and knowledge of longitudinal variation in stream chemistry — relate to undisturbed streams, while the remainder relate to forest harvesting effects.     

一种新的海洋生物地球化学自主观测平台:Bio-Argo浮标

借助于强大的全球海洋观测网络——Argo计划,生物光学浮标Bio-Argo将成为一种全新的海洋生物地球化学自主观测平台,对未来的海洋观测与海洋研究将产生巨大的影响。本文以法国的PROVBIO为例,详细介绍了Bio-Argo浮标的结构设计、观测数据、工作模式、传输与通讯、以及数据质量控制等方面的问题,为我国的Argo计划和海洋观测方法提供有益的借鉴。     

胶州湾沉积物氮的环境生物地球化学意义

利用氮的分级浸取技术,研究了胶州湾不同粒级沉积物中氮的赋存形态.研究表明,胶州湾沉积物中可转化态氮可分为离子交换态、弱酸浸取态、强碱浸取态和强氧化剂浸取态.不同粒级沉积物中各形态氮占可转化态氮的比例各不相同.在细、中和粗粒级沉积物中,强氧化剂浸取态氮是可交换态氮的优势形态,分别占可转化氮的35.38%、44.38%和58.69%.在中、粗粒级沉积物中,强碱浸取态氮是无机氮的主要赋存形态,分别占可转化态氮的26.31%和25.85%.在细粒级沉积物中,离子交换态氮是优势态的无机氮,占可转化态氮的27.67%.相关分析表明,对于胶州湾来说,沉积物的粒度越细,氮的含量就越高,各形态氮大致与细、中粒级沉积物含量呈正相关,而与粗粒级沉积物含量呈负相关.研究还表明,不同粒级沉积物中氮与浮游植物数量、叶绿素a以及上覆水体中硝酸盐的含量大致都在一定程度上呈正相关,这一方面说明了沉积物对上覆水体元素的含量有着不可忽视的影响,另一方面也说明了沉积物中的氮对海水的富营养化水平有着较好的指示和十分重要的环境意义.     

Temporal and Spatial Trends in Nutrient and Sediment Loading to Lake Tahoe,California‐Nevada,USA

Since 1980, the Lake Tahoe Interagency Monitoring Program (LTIMP) has provided stream‐discharge and water quality data—nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and suspended sediment—at more than 20 stations in Lake Tahoe Basin streams. To characterize the temporal and spatial patterns in nutrient and sediment loading to the lake, and improve the usefulness of the program and the existing database, we have (1) identified and corrected for sources of bias in the water quality database; (2) generated synthetic datasets for sediments and nutrients, and resampled to compare the accuracy and precision of different load calculation models; (3) using the best models, recalculated total annual loads over the period of record; (4) regressed total loads against total annual and annual maximum daily discharge, and tested for time trends in the residuals; (5) compared loads for different forms of N and P; and (6) tested constituent loads against land use‐land cover (LULC) variables using multiple regression. The results show (1) N and P loads are dominated by organic N and particulate P; (2) there are significant long‐term downward trends in some constituent loads of some streams; and (3) anthropogenic impervious surface is the most important LULC variable influencing water quality in basin streams. Many of our recommendations for changes in water quality monitoring and load calculation methods have been adopted by the LTIMP.     

锡林河流域典型草原碳素生物小循环研究

应用生物地球化学分室方法研究了内蒙古锡林河流域2个典型草原群落——羊草草原和大针茅草原的碳素生物小循环,研究表明:①生长季禁牧的羊草草原植物分室碳素净固定量为165.50 gC.m-2,土壤分室碳素净排放量为174.36 gC.m-2,系统碳素净固定量为-8.86 gC.m-2,基本处于平衡状态,植物分室的碳输入和碳输出也近于平衡状态;②生长季禁牧的大针茅草原植物分室碳素固定量为130.04 gC.m-2,土壤分室碳素净排放量为128.28 gC.m-2,系统碳素净固定量为1.76 gC.m-2,基本处于平衡状态,植物分室的碳输入和碳输出在降水量大的年份以输入为主,在降水量小的年份近于平衡状态;③水热等生境条件较适宜的羊草草原碳素周转量比大针茅草原要大得多,水分是典型草原碳素循环量的主要影响因素。     

长江中下游浅水湖泊沉积物中磷的形态及其与水相磷的关系

研究了长江中下游22个不同生态类型的浅水湖泊表层沉积物中磷的地球化学形态及水相磷含量等水质特征.对沉积物中磷形态的连续提取分析发现,自然粒度下,绝大部分湖泊的沉积物中90%以上的磷是以生物较难利用的形态存在的,活性磷所占比例很小.而在严重污染的城市湖泊中,活性磷含量则可以占到总磷的35%以上.沉积物中活性磷含量的高低与总磷含量并不一致.水草的存在对水相磷含量及沉积物中磷的活性都有显著的影响.水相磷的含量与沉积物中交换态磷的含量、沉积物铁磷比有显著的相关关系.研究表明,沉积物地球化学性质、水体营养盐含量及浅水湖泊生态类型之间存在复杂而密切的联系.     

Different proxies for the reactivity of aquatic sediments towards oxygen: A model assessment

Information on benthic carbon mineralization rates is often derived from the analysis of oxygen microprofiles in sediments. To enable a direct comparison of different sediment environments, it is often desirable to characterize sediments by a single proxy that expresses their “reactivity” towards oxygen. For this, there are three commonly used proxies: the oxygen penetration depth (OPD), the oxygen flux at the sediment-water interface (DOU), and the maximum volumetric oxygen consumption rate (R_max). The OPD can be directly determined from the oxygen depth profile, while the DOU is usually obtained by a linear fit to the oxygen gradient either in diffusive boundary layer. The oxygen consumption rate R_max requires the fitting of a reactive-transport model to the data profile. This article shows that the OPD alone is a suboptimal proxy, because it shows a strong dependence on the half-saturation constant K_s, and secondly, because it is sensitive to the particular re-oxidation conditions right above the oxic-anoxic interface. Similarly, the volumetric oxygen consumption rate R_max is rather strongly dependent on the kinetic model formulation employed. To show this we fitted three different (Bouldin, Blackman and Monod) kinetics to the same oxygen data profiles. When fitting these models, the R_max values obtained differed by 20% for exactly the same oxygen profile. Accordingly, if one reports R_max values, it is crucial to specify the kinetic model alongside. Overall, DOU emerges as sediment reactivity proxy which is the least model dependent.     

高分辨率监测下的漓江省里断面生物地球化学特征分析

为了获得漓江流域不同季节生物地球化学昼夜动态变化过程、影响因素与规律,分别于2016年10月30日～11月1日(秋季)和2017年9月14～16日(夏季)对漓江流域省里断面进行了为期48 h的高分辨率在线监测和高频率取样工作,研究水体电导率(EC)、水温(T)、pH以及Ca~(2+)、HCO_3~-、NO_3~-等离子含量和溶解无机碳同位素(δ~(13)C_(DIC))等水化学参数的昼夜变化规律,并分析其影响因素,同时评估水生植物对输入岩溶水生生态系统中溶解无机碳的固定量.结果表明:①省里断面水化学参数表现出显著的昼夜变化规律,T、pH、DO、SIC白天上升夜间下降,Ca~(2+)、HCO_3~-、EC、p(CO_2)白天降低夜晚上升且秋季昼夜变化幅度大于夏季.②SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-、Cl~-、Na~+、K~+和Mg~(2+)等营养元素含量昼夜变化主要受水生植物代谢过程(同化作用)控制,呈现白天降低夜间升高的变化规律.同时,省里断面夏季营养元素昼夜变化幅度小于秋季.③省里断面溶解无机碳同位素(δ~(13)C_(DIC))主要受水生植物光合作用和呼吸作用控制,表现为白天偏重晚上偏轻的动态变化.受土壤根系和土壤微生物呼吸作用强度和河流水文要素季节变化的影响,夏季省里断面δ~(13)C_(DIC)总体上偏轻于秋季,两者的平均值分别为-10. 08‰和-8. 90‰.④通过计算,实验期间省里断面水生植物光合作用岩溶碳汇量日平均值为2. 12 mmol·L~(-1)和0. 94mmol·L~(-1),秋季比夏季具有更高的固碳效率.     

海洋碳循环研究的关键生物地球化学过程

主要阐述了海洋碳循环生物地球化学过程研究的主要进展,包括海—气界面CO2通量过程、溶解一颗粒碳的海洋转化过程、生物固碳与生物泵过程以及河口碳的生物地球化学过程。海—气界面CO2通量随着海—气界面的扰动程度的变化而变化,而海—气界面的扰动程度主要由风速决定,各海域的CO2通量各不相同;溶解一颗粒碳的海洋转化过程则是由海域的初级生产力所决定,是温度的函数,所以受时间和季节更替的影响很大;河口地带由于处在海水和淡水交界面,又有大量河流带来的陆源输入,所以总体碳循环的生物地球化学过程与大洋主体水域不同,碳通量主要由河流带人;生物在海洋碳循环中的作用不可忽视,浮游植物通过光合作用固碳,而浮游动物在垂直分布过程中通过取食呼吸和排泄作用使碳进行垂直迁移。     

Ecosystem Consequences of Contrasting Flow Regimes in an Urban Effects Stream Mesocosm Study1

Abstract: A stream mesocosm experiment was conducted to study the ecosystem‐wide effects of two replicated flow hydrograph treatments programmed in an attempt to compare a simulated predevelopment condition to the theoretical changes that new development brings, while accounting for engineering design criteria for urban stormwater management. Accordingly, the treatments (three replicates each) differed in base flow between events and in the rise to, fall from, and duration of peak flow during simulated storm hydrographs, which were triggered by real rain events occurring outside over a 96‐day period from summer to fall, 2005. Incident irradiance, initial substrate quality, and water quality were similar between treatments. Sampling was designed to study the interactions among the treatment flow dynamics, sediment transport processes, streambed nutrients, and biotic structure and function. What appeared most important to the overall structure and function of the mesocosm ecosystems beyond those changes resulting from natural seasonality were (1) the initial mass of fines that infiltrated into the gravel bed, which had a persistent effect on nitrogen biogeochemistry and (2) the subsequent fine sediment accumulation rate, which was unexpectedly similar between treatments, and affected the structure of the macroinvertebrate community equally as the experiment progressed. Invertebrate taxa preferring soft beds dominated when the gravel was comprised of 5‐10% fines. The dominant invertebrate algal grazer had vacated the channels when fines exceeded 15%, but this effect could not be separated from what appeared to be a seasonal decline in insect densities over the course of the study. Neither hydrograph treatment allowed for scour or other potential for flushing of fines. This demonstrated the potential importance of interactions between hydrology and fine sediment loading dynamics on stream ecosystems in the absence of flows that would act to mobilize gravel beds.