Assessment of the Heavy Metal Pollution Effects on the Soil Respiration in the Baix Llobregat (Catalonia, NE Spain)

A main goal of investigations is to determine could a soilrespiration be an indicator of the soil pollution. In this case a measured levelof the soil oxygen consumption depends of its pollution. It alsomeans that the pollution reduces biological processes in edaphon.Investigated soil samples were taken from polluted andnon-polluted places in the Baix Llobregat near Barcelona (Catalonia, NE Spain). Soil samples were taken from the top ofsoil (0–5 cm) without a litter. Soil analysis were done, determining percentage shares of coarsefragments, coarse sand, fine sand, coarse silt, fine silt, clay,CaCO₃, organic matter as well as water pH and conductivityCE (1:5 [mS cm^-1]). Also were determined (in mg kg^-1)quantities of heavy metals, as Fe, Al, Mn, Zn, Cr, Ni, V, Cu, Cd, Pb.The soil respiration was investigated in temperatures15 and 30 °C and with controlled humidity.The respiration in 30 °C is number of times greater thenin 15 °C both for polluted and non-polluted soils.Particularly high coefficients of correlation between the soilrespiration and soil pollution in polluted soils were obtainedfor Pb: r = 0.75 in 15 °C and r = 0.98 in30 °C; for Ba: 0.90 and 0.57; for V: 0.99 and 0.81. In non-polluted soils highest correlation coefficients are for Pb: r = 0.70 in 15 °C; Fe: 0.60 and 0.72; Al: 0.68 and0.64; Mn: 0.51 and 0.66; Ba: 0.63 and 0.61; Cr: 0.94 and0.70; Ni: 0.64 and 0.65; Cu: 0.69 and 0.48; as well as V: 0.62in 15 °C; and Cd: 0.69 in 15 °C.This way the soil respiration could be a good indicator of the soil pollution.     

Starch- polyvinyl alcohol crosslinked film— performance and biodegradation

Starch-PVOH cast films were prepared with and without crosslinking agent (hexamethoxymethylmelamine) in the absence of plasticizer. Moisture absorption in films without crosslinking agent at a low relative humidity was similar to that of PVOH and increased as the relative humidity increased. Films with crosslinking agent showed moisture absorption linearly proportional to the relative humidity. Significant improvement in resistance to water disintegration for crosslinked starch-PVOH films was observed. While the tensile strength decreased with increased relative humidity, crosslinking significantly improved the tensile strength. Increased PVOH content improved elongation of films even when the relative humidity was 80% or higher. Biodegradation studies revealed that the degradation rate was negatively correlated with the PVOH content in films and crosslinking generated more converged degradation curves. Names are necessary to report factually on available data; however, the USDA neither guarantees nor warrants the standard of the product, and the use of the name by USDA implies no approval of the product to the exclusion of others that may also be suitable.     

渗滤液生化特性在Fenton处理过程中的变化

采用电解呼吸仪分析早、晚期渗滤的生化特性在Fenton过程前后的变化。根据BOD累积曲线 ,由非线性最小二乘法求解出第一阶段生化需氧量BODu 和一级生化动力学常数K。结果表明早期渗滤液易于生化降解 ,经Fenton氧化后 ,由于产生了毒性更强的中间产物 ,渗滤液的驯化时间反面延长 ,K值也略有下降。晚期渗滤液很难生化降解 ,经Fenton处理后其生化特性得到很大的改善。     

亚氧化钛膜电极电化学特性及其处理印染工业废水的效能研究

电化学氧化法具有稳定高效、操作灵活、集成度高等特点,在处理难降解有机废水领域具有独特优势.电化学废水处理过程通常受限于传质速率,而膜电极有望解决这一瓶颈问题.亚氧化钛膜电极（TiSO-ME）的化学结构与电化学性质结果显示,经过高温还原法制备的TiSO-ME电极主要由Ti₄O₇和少量Ti₅O₉组成,大孔体积占总孔体积的92.7%,平均孔径为0.508 μm.电化学测试结果表明,TiSO-ME具有良好的导电性、高析氧电位和电化学稳定性.过滤试验结果表明,在0.82×10^-3~3.14×10^-3 mL·cm^-2·s^-1范围内膜通量与传质系数成正比.在电流密度为8 mA·cm^-2,膜通量为2.31×10^-3 mL·cm^-2·s^-1的条件下,电解1.5 h即可有效处理实际印染工业废水,sCOD去除率高达96.07%,电流效率可达24.22%,电能消耗较不存在膜通量时降低了32.99%.TiSO-ME能够实现废水在膜孔结构内部的穿流式操作,有效克服旁流式操作传质受限的问题,在小规模分散式工业废水处理中有着重要的研究价值和发展潜力.     

用呼吸仪监测取代酚类化合物对活性污泥的抑制

应用呼吸仪测定活性污泥中微生物的活性。研究了九种取代酚对微生物活性的影响,发现抑制效应与有机物的正辛醇-水分配系数、最低未占轨道能级有着相关联系,并发现取代酚对活性污泥硝化细菌比起异养细菌有着更强的抑制。生物膜比活性污泥具有更好的耐抑制能力,驯化对抗抑制有明显的效果,增大污泥浓度在一定程度上可以减轻毒害。     

Assessing the biodegradation potential of polymers in screening- and long-term test systems

This paper presents a test scheme for assessing the biodegradation potential of polymers, starting with aquatic screening systems (aerobic and anaerobic) and continuing to long-term systems. At the end of the scheme the material has to prove its behavior under the relevant disposal conditions. Aerobic screening was performed mainly under aquatic conditions, but also in soil, using BOD-respirometry. Carbon balances were performed to obtain a better evaluation of the biodegradation potential. Under anaerobic conditions, biodegradation in an aquatic medium was followed by measuring CH₄ and CO₂ production. Polymers not fully degraded in the screening systems were tested in aquarium systems for at least 1 year. Biodegradation was followed by monitoring the DOC released in the water, mass loss, and microbial growth on the samples and in the water as well as via FTIR spectroscopy and SEM pictures. Results are presented for the polymers PHB, PHBV, PCL, Mater-Bi AI05H and ZF03U, and Bioceta. By combining the data from the screening with the aquarium system, a good picture of the degradation behavior of the polymers is obtained.Paper presented at the Bio/Environmentally Degradable Polymer Society—Third National Meeting, June 6–8, 1994, Boston, Massachusetts.     

船舶在航更换压载水方法浅析

介绍了船舶在航更换压载水的各种方法，包括逐一更换法，注入顶出法和稀释法。并将各种方法从对船舶和船员的安全所造成的影响两方面进行了比较。     

利用活性碳毡构建流通式电容去离子器件及其电容脱盐性能研究

采用活性碳毡(ACF)作为电吸附材料,构建流通式(Flow-through)电容去离子(CDI)装置,以模拟盐水为对象,考察了电压、通量、进水初始浓度及盐离子种类等条件对ACF电吸附容量的影响,并与平板式(Flow-by)电容去离子装置对比.结果表明,在流通式运行模式下,ACF电吸附容量随着电压、进水盐浓度的增大而增大,吸盐量最终会达到极值(最大吸附量).ACF电吸附容量会随着进水通量的增大先增大后减小.在电压1.2 V、通量0.053 m L·min~(-1)·cm~(-2)、进水初始浓度1000 mg·L~(-1)的条件下,流通式CDI中ACF对硫酸钠的电吸附容量达到7.73 mg·g~(-1),而平板式CDI中ACF电吸附容量为5.42 mg·g~(-1).此外,还考察了在不同盐离子类型条件下的流通式CDI脱盐效果,结果表明,ACF电极对阳离子电吸附强弱顺序依次为K~+Na~+Ca~(2+),对阴离子电吸附强弱顺序为Cl~-NO_3~-SO_4~(2-).流通式CDI装置在12个周期内脱盐效果并无明显衰减,表明CDI具有较好的稳定性.     

ECOSUNIDE工艺中活性污泥生物代谢活性的测定研究

利用差压仪测定原理,设计了在差压瓶中密闭投加基质的试验方法,测定了ECOSUNIDE工艺和其它4个不同工艺的污水处理厂曝气池混合液中活性污泥的生物代谢能力,通过内源呼吸速率和投加基质后的外源呼吸速率来表达生物代谢能力,采用各自的比呼吸速率用来比较单位污泥浓度的生物代谢活性能力。研究结果表明,具有高效脱氮除磷能力的ECOSUNIDE工艺中活性污泥在1～2 d时段内的比内源呼吸速率为43 mg O2(/gVSS.d),投加醋酸钠和氨氮后比外源呼吸分别为450和283 mg O2(/gVSS.d),均高于其它不同工艺的普通进水方式污水处理厂混合液相应的呼吸速率。该工艺在提高活性污泥中异养菌和自养菌代谢能力,缩短污染物去除时间上有较明显的优势。     

ECOSUNIDE工艺活性污泥中自养菌浓度的测定与分析

设计并利用在差压仪中密闭投加基质的实验方法,根据ASM模型中自养菌和硝化过程耗氧速率的关系,对比研究了ECOSUNIDE工艺和其他4个污水处理厂曝气池混合液中自养菌的浓度。研究表明,在不考虑自养菌增长和衰减情况下,ECOSUNIDE工艺混合液自养菌生物浓度为48.15 mg COD/L,该结果显著高于其他受试污水处理厂的混合液自养菌生物浓度(17.2～37.5 mg COD/L),表明ECOSUNIDE工艺在提高活性污泥中自养菌生物浓度上有较强的优势。设计的实验方法可以简便、有效地测定用于ASM模型中的自养菌浓度。