二段生物接触氧化法处理城市污水评析

介绍了二段生物接触氧化法的构成、特点、运行情况、脱氮除磷效果及生物填料的选择,并进行了技术经济分析,最后总结了该工艺在城市污水处理厂中的应用情况.     

Climate change,risk perception,and protection motivation among high-altitude residents of the Mt. Everest region in Nepal

Mountain ecosystems are considered vulnerable to early impacts of climate change. Whether and how local residents of these areas perceive these changes, however, remain under-studied questions. By conducting a household survey in the Khumbu region of Nepal, this study assessed local residents’ experience-based perception of changes in climate trends and patterns, perceived risk, and attitudes towards climate issues. Multivariate cluster analysis based on residents’ climate change beliefs revealed three segments: “Cautious,” “Disengaged,” and “Alarmed.” A comparison of these segments along key psychosocial constructs of Protection Motivation Theory (PMT) revealed significant inter-segment differences in residents’ perception of severity, vulnerability, response efficacy, self-efficacy, and response cost associated with engaging in mitigating behavior. Results shed light on how residents of high elevation areas that are considered to be exposed to early impacts of climate change perceive the risk and intend to respond. These findings could also assist stakeholders working in other similar mountain ecosystems in understanding vulnerability and in working towards climate readiness.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1007/s13280-020-01369-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

间隔流动分析法测定水中总磷

采用间隔流动分析法(SFA)测定地表水和城镇污水处理厂废水中的总磷,并与现行国标方法作比对,发现悬浮物对SFA法的结果存在一定的干扰,并对此进行了详细讨论且设计了一系列实验。实验结果表明使用均质机对水样均质能够有效消除悬浮物对测定结果的影响。水样经均质处理后两种方法测定结果相对误差小于3.0%。SFA法绘制的校准曲线线性大于0.999 5,标准样品的平行测定RSD≤1.5%,方法检出低限为0.009 mg/L,地表水样品加标回收率为91.4%～97.7%。     

渭河流域关中段城镇污水处理厂污泥处理技术调查与分析研究

根据渭河流域关中段的污染状况及《(渭河流域水污染防治三年行动方案(2012-2014年)》对科技攻关的实际需求,采用资料搜集、实地调查、问卷发放、数理统计等方式对渭河流域关中段55座城镇污水处理厂的污泥处理情况进行了调查与分析。根据调查分析结果,提出了渭河流域关中段城镇污水处理厂污泥处理技术在应用过程中存在的一些问题,并结合该流域实际情况提出了相应建议,期望能够对该流域污泥处理技术的良性发展提供"第一手"的参考资料。     

A classification tree based modeling approach for segment related crashes on multilane highways

Introduction

This study presents a classification tree based alternative to crash frequency analysis for analyzing crashes on mid-block segments of multilane arterials.

Method

The traditional approach of modeling counts of crashes that occur over a period of time works well for intersection crashes where each intersection itself provides a well-defined unit over which to aggregate the crash data. However, in the case of mid-block segments the crash frequency based approach requires segmentation of the arterial corridor into segments of arbitrary lengths. In this study we have used random samples of time, day of week, and location (i.e., milepost) combinations and compared them with the sample of crashes from the same arterial corridor. For crash and non-crash cases, geometric design/roadside and traffic characteristics were derived based on their milepost locations. The variables used in the analysis are non-event specific and therefore more relevant for roadway safety feature improvement programs. First classification tree model is a model comparing all crashes with the non-crash data and then four groups of crashes (rear-end, lane-change related, pedestrian, and single-vehicle/off-road crashes) are separately compared to the non-crash cases. The classification tree models provide a list of significant variables as well as a measure to classify crash from non-crash cases. ADT along with time of day/day of week are significantly related to all crash types with different groups of crashes being more likely to occur at different times.

Conclusions

From the classification performance of different models it was apparent that using non-event specific information may not be suitable for single vehicle/off-road crashes.

Impact on Industry

The study provides the safety analysis community an additional tool to assess safety without having to aggregate the corridor crash data over arbitrary segment lengths.     

直升机尾桨叶翼型段疲劳试验技术研究

目的 提升尾桨叶翼型段疲劳试验安装和调试速率,加快考核出尾桨叶翼型段疲劳性能和疲劳寿命。方法 通过标定出尾桨叶翼型段挥舞与摆振标定系数和预扭角,分析出一种通过理论计算出安装攻角的方法,利用理论计算出的攻角指导实际安装攻角,调整攻角值到实际加载满足试验要求的载荷值,在尾桨叶翼型段安装和调试完成后进行了疲劳试验。结果 4件尾桨叶翼型段理论计算攻角值与实际安装攻角进行对比,安装攻角理论值与实际值偏差范围在1.5°以内,并且4件尾桨叶翼型段疲劳试验载荷分布误差小于4%,疲劳性能满足6000飞行小时的疲劳寿命要求。结论 尾桨叶翼型疲劳试验中,理论计算攻角值具有加快估算安装攻角的意义,提升疲劳试验效率,试验调试载荷分布基本一致。经过尾桨叶翼型段疲劳试验验证后,试验件疲劳性能良好且稳定,为后续科研试验转入鉴定试验提供了基础。     

基于交通冲突技术的交织区交通安全评价

为了分析城市快速路多个交织区之间的相对交通安全状况,及比选同一个交织区的多个设计方案,建立基于交通冲突技术的交织区交通安全评价方法。首先,使用微观交通仿真软件模拟一定道路交通条件下车流运行状态及其随时空变化的过程,并生成车辆轨迹文件;然后,运用交通安全替代评价模型(SSAM)分析车辆轨迹文件,识别和统计交通仿真过程中"发生"的交通冲突;最后,以交织区交通冲突数与交织区交通量、交织区长度的比值作为评价指标,评价交织区的交通安全状况。案例分析表明,交织区交通冲突率越高,其服务水平往往越低;交织区的交通冲突率有随交织区交通量增加而增加,随交织区长度、交织区车道数的增加而降低的趋势。     

基于时序片段的油气管道运行工况识别方法*

为准确识别管道系统运行工况,提高对油气管道突发事故的响应速度,综合提升管网安全管理水平,提出1种基于时序片段的油气管道运行工况识别方法。首先,构建基于概率分布的状态变化识别模型,提取油气管道中不同运行状态点;其次,建立基于时间序列片段的工况识别模型,快速识别不同时间长度内油气管道运行工况;最后,以国内某成品油管道为例进行方法验证。研究结果表明:该方法可有效识别成品油管道阀门开关状态、泵异常停机和阀门内漏3种运行工况。对比传统的识别方法,该方法可降低状态变化点的漏报率,提升管道运行工况识别的准确率。研究结果可为油气管道系统运行工况识别提供新的借鉴方法。     

基于河网水系变化的水灾危险性评价——以永定河流域京津段为例

城市化过程中不合理的土地利用导致河道填塞、河网缩减现象普遍，城市水灾增加。基于灾害系统思想，构建了基于河网水系变化的水灾危险性评价体系，并以永定河京津段为例进行了实证分析。结果表明：（1）近40年来研究区水系结构简单化趋势明显，河道长度减少了20．5％，条数减少了36．4％，水系调蓄能力下降，在同样的致灾强度下水灾危险性加大；（2）在假设暴雨重现期为50年的条件下，经济密度差异决定了水灾潜在危险区的空间格局，居民用地将成为水灾重度危险区；平原段水灾重度危险区占5．7％，中度危险区占33．1％，滨海段重度危险区占13．9％，中度危险区占26．8％。研究结果可为区域综合减灾、水灾预报提供依据。     

渭河陕西段表层沉积物重金属污染特征及潜在风险

为了解渭河陕西段表层沉积物重金属的污染特征,采用ICP-MS分析了13个采样断面表层沉积物中As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb和Zn 8种重金属的含量,并对其来源和生态风险进行了评价。结果表明：渭河陕西段8种重金属的平均含量顺序依次为Mn > Zn > Cr > Cu > Ni > Pb > As > Cd;除Ni外的其余7种重金属的平均含量均超过陕西省A层土壤背景值。各断面表层沉积物重金属的潜在生态风险指数（RI）介于111.4~7 043.7,其中23.1%的断面有极强生态风险,46.2%的断面为中等生态风险,其余为轻微生态风险。Cd污染最为严重,对各断面的潜在生态风险介于较强生态风险与极强生态风险之间,对RI的贡献平均为85.2%;其余7种重金属在所有断面均属于轻微生态危害。渭河陕西段表层沉积物As、Cd、Cu和Zn主要为工业与农业来源;Cr和Ni主要为自然来源;Pb和Mn与城市污水和交通污染来源有关。