Sludge-grown algae for culturing aquatic organisms: Part II. Sludge-grown algae as feeds for aquatic organisms

This project investigated the feasibility of using sewage sludge to culture microalgae (Chlorella-HKBU) and their subsequent usage as feeds for rearing different organisms. Part II of the project evaluated the results of applying the sludge-grown algae to feedOreochromis mossambicus (fish),Macrobrachium hainenese (shrimp), andMoina macrocopa (cladocera). In general, the yields of the cultivated organisms were unsatisfactory when they were fed the sludge-grown algae directly. The body weights ofO. mossambicus andM. macrocopa dropped 21% and 37%, respectively, although there was a slight increase (4.4%) inM. hainenese. However, when feeding the algal-fed cladocerans to fish and shrimp, the body weights of the fish and shrimp were increased 7% and 11% accordingly. Protein contents of the cultivated organisms were comparable to the control diet, although they contained a rather high amount of heavy metals. When comparing absolute heavy metal contents in the cultivated organisms, the following order was observed: alga > cladocera > shrimp, fish > sludge extracts. Bioelimination of heavy metals may account for the decreasing heavy metal concentrations in higher trophic organisms.     

Chemical composition of water conditioned by crowdedMoina macrocopa (Crustacea: Cladocera)

The chemical composition of water conditioned by colonies ofMoina macrocopa and involved in the regulation of their life cycle was analyzed in comparison with water samples from natural water bodies. Dechlorinated tap water was used as the control medium. The results showed that metabolism of crustaceans leads to an increase in the concentrations of phosphorus and nitrogen in all forms, the appearance of protein and carbohydrate fractions, and changes in the composition of lipid fractions in the water conditioned by their colonies. The contents of all organic components are very low, which makes their identification difficult. Concentrations of substances identified in the conditioned water do not exceed those occurring in nature.     

Estimation of the possibility of cladoceran invasion and survival under conditions of competition in mesotrophic Lake Glubokoe

A possibility of introducing alien cladoceran species into the pelagial zone of mesotrophic Lake Glubokoe has been estimated. For this purpose, observations have been performed on the cohorts of alien species (Daphnia magna and Simocephalus exspinosus) and aboriginal species (Daphnia hyalina and Diaphanosoma brachyurum). The results show that competition is a factor preventing the introduction of weak competitors, such as D. magna, but admitting stronger competitors, e.g., S. exspinosus. Competition in the lake may influence not only the species structure of the zooplanktonic community, but also its vertical distribution.     

敌百虫对枝角类的急性毒性研究

通过急性试验的方法,研究在不同温度、pH值下敌百虫对枝角类的毒性作用,结果为在相同温度下,毒性随pH值增高而加大,在相同pH值条件下,水温度升高而加大;在0.01mg/L,48h培养,多刺裸腹蚤全部死亡。     

Review of Recent Ecotoxicological Studies on Cladocerans

Cladocerans have been widely used as the bioassay organisms in evaluating the impact of different toxic substances. Literature survey during the last 10 years revealed that cladoceran ecotoxicological research has been in an exponential phase constituting nearly 10% of publications on this group. Many studies have considered typically planktonic taxa such as Daphnia magna, D. pulex, Moina macrocopa, M. micrura and Ceriodaphania dubia. Experimental data on toxicity tests, to a lesser extent, are also available for littoral-benthic genera such as Simocephalus, Macrothrix and Alona. Most toxicity tests are limited to the derivation of median lethal concentrations of various durations but mostly at 24 or 48 h. Studies related to the evaluation of changes in the life history variables of cladocerans as a result of sublethal exposure to toxic substances are not many, but gaining importance. The common toxic substances used in the cladoceran toxicity tests appear to be heavy metals, pesticides and a few natural toxins such as cyanotoxins. We review here the effect of different toxic substances on cladocerans based on both the field and the laboratory studies from an ecotoxicology point of view. Suggestions for the future cladoceran ecotoxicology are also commented on.     

蒙古裸腹溞对有毒赤潮生物塔玛亚历山大藻的摄食研究

在实验室条件下研究了枝角类蒙古裸腹溞(Moina mongolica)对有毒赤潮生物塔玛亚历山大藻的摄食。结果表明,单一饵料试验中,蒙古裸腹溞摄食率在一定范围内随塔玛亚历山大藻细胞数的增加而增大,在塔玛亚历山大藻和亚心形扁藻组成的混合饵料试验中,当前者细胞数为低值时,摄食率不随后者细胞数的变化而变化,而当前者的细胞数高于1920/mL时,摄食率随亚心形扁藻细胞数的增大而升高。     

Combined effects of exposure time and copper toxicity on the demography of Moina macrocopa (Crustacea: Cladocera)

Cohort life table experiments were conducted on M. macrocopa using copper at three nominal concentrations (as CuSO₄, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.4 mg L^{? 1}, in addition to controls) for different periods of exposure (3 to 24 h). Age-specific survivorship of M. macrocopa decreased in relation to age of the cohort, concentration and duration of exposure to copper. Age-specific life expectancy curves also decreased with increasing age of the cohort. However, at low copper levels and shorter exposure time, there was an increase in life expectancy when the cohort was about 10 day old. Fecundity (m _x ) was nearly regular in controls; however, at higher copper levels and longer duration of exposure, the offspring production was more oscillating. The offspring production completely ceased when continuously exposed to CuSO₄ at 0.4 mg L^{? 1}. Most of the measured demography variables significantly decreased with increasing concentration of Cu in the medium. The average lifespan and life expectancy at birth varied 2.9 to 9.6 and 2.4 to 9.1 days, respectively. Gross reproductive rate (GRR) varied from 31 to 89 offspring female^{? 1} lifespan^{? 1}, while the survival-weighted net reproductive rates were nearly one-third of the GRR. Generation time of M. macrocopa varied from 5 to 7 days while the rate of population increase ranged from 0.36 to 0.84 per day. The results are discussed in relation to the sensitivity of M. macrocopa to copper toxicity and the necessity of amending the national water quality criteria in Mexico.     

稳定塘中枝角类的生物指示作用

经实验观察发现,在多级稳定塘的各个级别中,由于水质的差异、枝角类的数量、颜色、个体大小三特性发生规律性变化,所以,可利用枝角类这些特性变化确定稳定塘污水净化的程度。