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Reestablishing Naturally Functioning Dunes on Developed Coasts 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Common beach management practices reduce the ecological values of coastal dunes. Mechanical beach cleaning eliminates incipient
dunes, habitat for nesting birds, seed sources for pioneer dune colonizers and food for fauna, and artificially small, stabilized
foredunes reduce the variability in microenvironments necessary for biodiversity. Recent initiatives for reducing coastal
hazards, protecting nesting birds, and encouraging nature-based tourism provide incentive for the development of a restoration
program for beaches and dunes that is compatible with human use. Suggested changes in management practice include restricting
or rerouting pedestrian traffic, altering beach-cleaning procedures, using symbolic fences to allow for aeolian transport
while preventing trampling of dunes, and eliminating or severely restricting exotic species. Landforms will be more natural
in function and appearance but will be more dynamic, smaller and in a different position from those in natural areas. Research
needs are specified for ecological, geomorphological, and attitudinal studies to support and inform restoration planning. 相似文献
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Understanding global sea levels: past, present and future 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
John A. Church Neil J. White Thorkild Aarup W. Stanley Wilson Philip L. Woodworth Catia M. Domingues John R. Hunter Kurt Lambeck 《Sustainability Science》2008,3(1):9-22
The coastal zone has changed profoundly during the 20th century and, as a result, society is becoming increasingly vulnerable
to the impact of sea-level rise and variability. This demands improved understanding to facilitate appropriate planning to
minimise potential losses. With this in mind, the World Climate Research Programme organised a workshop (held in June 2006)
to document current understanding and to identify research and observations required to reduce current uncertainties associated
with sea-level rise and variability. While sea levels have varied by over 120 m during glacial/interglacial cycles, there
has been little net rise over the past several millennia until the 19th century and early 20th century, when geological and
tide-gauge data indicate an increase in the rate of sea-level rise. Recent satellite-altimeter data and tide-gauge data have
indicated that sea levels are now rising at over 3 mm year−1. The major contributions to 20th and 21st century sea-level rise are thought to be a result of ocean thermal expansion and
the melting of glaciers and ice caps. Ice sheets are thought to have been a minor contributor to 20th century sea-level rise,
but are potentially the largest contributor in the longer term. Sea levels are currently rising at the upper limit of the
projections of the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (TAR IPCC), and there is increasing
concern of potentially large ice-sheet contributions during the 21st century and beyond, particularly if greenhouse gas emissions
continue unabated. A suite of ongoing satellite and in situ observational activities need to be sustained and new activities
supported. To the extent that we are able to sustain these observations, research programmes utilising the resulting data
should be able to significantly improve our understanding and narrow projections of future sea-level rise and variability. 相似文献
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Climate change and coastal vulnerability assessment: scenarios for integrated assessment 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
Robert J. Nicholls Poh Poh Wong Virginia Burkett Colin D. Woodroffe John Hay 《Sustainability Science》2008,3(1):89-102
Coastal vulnerability assessments still focus mainly on sea-level rise, with less attention paid to other dimensions of climate
change. The influence of non-climatic environmental change or socio-economic change is even less considered, and is often
completely ignored. Given that the profound coastal changes of the twentieth century are likely to continue through the twenty-first
century, this is a major omission, which may overstate the importance of climate change, and may also miss significant interactions
of climate change with other non-climate drivers. To better support climate and coastal management policy development, more
integrated assessments of climatic change in coastal areas are required, including the significant non-climatic changes. This
paper explores the development of relevant climate and non-climate drivers, with an emphasis on the non-climate drivers. While
these issues are applicable within any scenario framework, our ideas are illustrated using the widely used SRES scenarios,
with both impacts and adaptation being considered. Importantly, scenario development is a process, and the assumptions that
are made about future conditions concerning the coast need to be explicit, transparent and open to scientific debate concerning
their realism and likelihood. These issues are generic across other sectors.
相似文献
Robert J. NichollsEmail: |
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