细尾矿砂非饱和渗流稳态含水率二维解析解

为准确描述非饱和细尾矿砂内部含水率的空间分布规律,采用解析方法求解了非饱和尾矿砂的二维Richards方程,探讨了解析求解过程中方程和求解区域简化的思路,介绍了非饱和细尾矿砂含水率空间分布的实验结果,采用混沌粒子群优化算法计算了求解过程中引入的常数。研究结果表明:解析解具有无穷级数的形式,且级数的系数具有很好的收敛性,非饱和细尾矿砂含水率在水平和竖直方向上的分布均近似服从指数函数,混沌粒子群优化算法的误差收敛性明显,利用解析模型得到的各点含水率计算值与实验测量值均符合的比较好。所得解析公式能够很好地描述非饱和细尾矿砂内部含水率的空间分布规律。     

A stochastic model of urinary nitrogen and water flow in grassland soil in New Zealand

A mathematical model of urinary nitrogen and water flow in soil has been developed that incorporated stochastic rainfall and stochastic temperature events. This model was used to characterise the variability in urine patch nitrogen leaching at Taupo, New Zealand. This stochastic model was also used to more accurately determine the effect of urinary patch overlap on cow urinary nitrogen flow and leaching in soil. Nitrogen leaching from single urine deposits on pasture in the winter ranged from 0 to 75% of applied nitrogen as a result of stochastic rainfall events. Rainfall effects explained 98% of the variance in nitrogen leaching due to stochastic rainfall and temperature effects combined. The model predicted that on average 38, 61, and 71% of the nitrogen in single, double and triple urine patches is leached in the winter. Nitrogen leaching rates were significantly greater in the winter than the summer months. The distribution in the amount of nitrogen leached from single urine patches was close to normal in the winter but approximately exponentially distributed in the summer. The variability in total nitrogen leached from a field also decreased as the stocking rate increased. A quantitative modelling framework is crucial for understanding nitrogen transport in pastoral systems and for effectively setting and enforcing restrictions imposed by regulatory bodies on nitrogen losses from pastoral farming and this study represents a component of this framework.