Optimising the environmental benefits of emission reductions from UK coal- and oil-fired power stations: a critical loads approach

This paper describes a method for determining reductions of SO₂ emissions from coal- and oil-fired power stations, oil refineries and large industrial units in the UK taking into account their pollution potential. The method is based on the use of two gridded data sets: critical loads, which represent the sensitivity of the environment to acid deposition and modelled estimates of total (wet + dry) sulphur deposition for 646 point sources within the UK. An iterative method is used to identify and subsequently reduce emissions from point sources that contribute most to areas of critical loads exceedance. This paper demonstrates how the method may be used to determine an optimal allocation of emissions across the UK which yields the maximum amount of environmental protection per unit of emission.The paper then goes on to consider the changes that will have to take place within the UK power generation industry in order to meet the revised EC Large Combustion Plant Directive which comes into force on 1 January 2008. Particular emphasis is placed upon proposed emissions trading schemes and the environmental implications of allowing trading between stations with high and low pollution potentials. The paper concludes by suggesting that the emissions trading process should take into account the pollution potential of each source, irrespective of whether the proposed emission is within the plant's agreed emission limit. An approach based entirely on minimizing environmental damage rather than one which takes cost into account, as in current integrated assessment modelling, could provide an interesting approach across the rest of Europe.     

SO2污染防治对策

概述了国内外ＳＯ２污染防治现状。指出了上海市大气中ＳＯ２污染严重状况，提出了近期与远期相结合；引进消化吸收国外先进技术与组织国内科技攻关相结合；经济手段与法制手段相结合；解决呼吸带与高空污染相结合的ＳＯ２污染防治对策与建议。重点建议，目前需集中力量控制中、小型锅炉的ＳＯ２排放量；走国际合作道路，加快研制开发大型电厂的脱硫装置，从根本上解决大气中的ＳＯ２污染；国家与地方迅速制订对排入大气中的ＳＯ２污     

高硫原油加工过程硫回收水平分析

分析了金陵分公司最近三年来加工高硫原油带入的硫在全厂炼油过程的分布情况。随着原油加工量及含硫量的快速增长，硫回收能力凸现不足，表明目前正在加速建设的加氢精制和硫磺回收装置是十分必要的，这将进一步提高综合硫回收水平。从长远来看，还需采用扩大加氢工艺能力，在提升产品质量的同时达到减少硫向环境排放的目的。     

铜自热熔炼烟气生产焦亚硫酸钠

扼要报道用碳酸钠溶液吸收法处理金川铜自热熔炼烟气生产焦亚硫酸钠的研究成果     

氮气中二氧化硫气体浓度测量不确定度的评定

采用紫外荧光法测定氮气中的二氧化硫气体浓度的测量不确定度.充分考虑重复测量的重现性、测量仪器的计量性能局限性、标定仪器所用的标准气体等因素对测量的影响,计算氮气中的二氧化硫气体浓度测量合成标准不确定度为0.4.     

用锅炉冲渣水为水源的湿式除尘器脱硫

通过对大连重工集团五台文丘里—麻石除尘器脱硫率的测定、各关键点pH值的测定、渣池中各金属含量的测定，说明了以锅炉冲渣水为水源进行湿法除尘，既经济又可达到稳定脱硫的目的。     

Low cost measurements of nitrogen and sulphur dry deposition velocities at a semi-alpine site: gradient measurements and a comparison with deposition model estimates

The conditional time averaged gradient method was used to measure air-surface exchange of nitrogen and sulphur compounds at a semi-alpine site in Southern Norway. Dry deposition velocities were then obtained from the bi-weekly concentration gradient measurements. Annual deposition velocities were found to be 1.4, 11.8 and 4.0 mm s(-1) for NH3, HNO3 and SO2, respectively, if all data were included, and to be 10.8, 11.8 and 13.0 mm s(-1), respectively, if only positive values were included. Measured deposition velocities were compared to two sets of values estimated from a big-leaf dry deposition module applying to two different land types (short grass and forbs, and tundra), driven by measured micrometeorological parameters. The deposition module gives reasonable values for this site throughout the year, but does not reproduce the large variability as shown in the measured data. No apparent seasonal variations were found from either measurements or module estimates due to the very low productivity of the studied area.     

Chemical fluxes in time through forest ecosystems in the UK - Soil response to pollution recovery

Long term trend analysis of bulk precipitation, throughfall and soil solution elemental fluxes from 12 years monitoring at 10 ICP Level II forest sites in the UK reveal coherent national chemical trends indicating recovery from sulphur deposition and acidification. Soil solution pH increased and sulphate and aluminium decreased at most sites. Trends in nitrogen were variable and dependant on its form. Dissolved organic nitrogen increased in bulk precipitation, throughfall and soil solution at most sites. Nitrate in soil solution declined at sites receiving high nitrogen deposition. Increase in soil dissolved organic carbon was detected - a response to pollution recovery, changes in soil temperature and/or increased microbial activity. An increase of sodium and chloride was evident - a possible result of more frequent storm events at exposed sites. The intensive and integrated nature of monitoring enables the relationships between climate/pollutant exposure and chemical/biological response in forestry to be explored.     

南京市20种蔬菜氟、硫、氯元素含量研究

从１９９１年起连续三年在南京市的四个主要蔬菜基地采集了不同季节的２０种常用蔬菜样品，测定了食用部位中氟、硫、氯３种元素的含量。统计分析结果表明，三元素平均含量均明显高于清洁对照点，叶菜类蔬菜与对照差异显著，其他大部分蔬菜与对照差异不明显；三元素中氟污染最重，氯次之，硫最轻，且硫、氯含量有逐年减小趋势；工业大气污染源对蔬菜品质有一定影响，应注意蔬菜基地的合理布局。     

植物SOD活性变化与其抗污能力的关系

研究了模拟酸雨、ＳＯ２单独与复合污染对水杉、杉木、龙柏３种抗污能力不同的植物ＳＯＤ活性、细胞汁酸度、细胞膜透性的影响。结果表明，ＳＯＤ的活性经污染后变化规律在不同植物有所不同，而这种变化与其抗污能力有关。ＳＯＤ活性升高者，其抗污能力强，反之则弱，与本底值大小无关。