石棉纤维表面所附着的Fe,Mg离子对5,6-二羟基-5,6-二氢胸腺嘧啶生成的影响

研究了DNA碱基胸腺嘧啶在H_2O_2存在下与不同种类石棉之间的化学反应过程.结果表明:石棉可导致DNA碱基胸腺嘧啶的损伤,并且在附着于石棉表面的不同浓度的活性Fe,Mg离子作用下,会产生顺、反5,6-二羟基-5,6-二氢胸腺嘧啶的变异产物.温度对此作用过程的影响也得到了讨论.     

石棉摩擦材料废弃物制吸附剂对染料的吸附研究

以石棉摩擦材料加工废弃物为材料制得的吸附剂,在色度５０００倍溶液中对阳离子黄Ｘ－５ＧＬ的静态吸附量为１５９．６８ｍｇ／ｇ,在色度５００倍的溶液中对阳离子艳蓝ＲＬ的静态吸附量为７９．６８ｍｇ／ｇ;对毛纺厂腈纶染缸废水的处理量可达２８０ｍｌ／ｇ,对活性染料亦有较好的吸附效果,吸附饱和吸附剂可通过后处理实现资源化。     

我国石棉的安全性分析及对策研究

石棉作为当今社会应用极为广泛的建筑材料与人们接触密切。我国现在不仅有一百多万人直接从事与石棉相关的行业,而且几乎所有的房屋建筑中都不同程度的使用含有石棉成分的建筑材料。有害石棉纤维一旦进入人体很难去除,并且导致间皮瘤、石棉肺等潜伏期长、治愈率低、死亡率高的多种疾病。正视石棉及其制品存在的安全隐患,正确对待和处理人类与石棉的关系,是实现石棉的可持续利用的保证。本文从石棉的开采、加工、使用、拆除、废弃处理处置等各个环节以及各环节间的运输入手,分析石棉对环境的安全隐患,结合国内外石棉行业的现状,提出符合我国国情的石棉对策建议。     

建筑维修中的石棉安全与防护

本文主要介绍欧盟及其成员国有关石棉的法律法规,阐述了如何对接触石棉带来的风险进行识别、评估和管理,并提出了建筑维修中石棉安全与防护措施。     

石棉破碎车间粉尘质量浓度分布的数值模拟及实测

为改善破碎车间内部粉尘浓度超标的现状,掌握石棉选矿厂破碎车间内粉尘浓度的分布规律,依据气固两相流、气溶胶力学等相关理论,建立粉尘在空气内运动、扩散及沉降方程。以西南某石棉选矿厂破碎车间为研究背景,采用计算机流体力学的离散相模型,运用Fluent软件对石棉破碎车间粉尘质量浓度分布进行数值模拟,并与现场粉尘浓度实测数据比较分析。研究表明:模拟结果和实测数据相吻合;粉尘集中在胶带输送室和破碎机给料口附近,全尘浓度最大为86.24 mg/m3,纤维浓度最高为12.46 f/mL;粉尘浓度随着距破碎机入口的距离增加而逐渐变小;地面呼吸带高度粉尘浓度相对处于较低水平,维持在9~16 mg/m3区间。     

石棉废物的收集、管理与处置技术

石棉制品在生产和使用过程中都会产生大量的废物,废物通过纤维形态暴露在空气中会对人体产生严重危害.因此,要按照危险废物的有关管理法规,将用过的石棉废物尽可能地清除和收集起来,存放在密封容器或塑料袋中,妥善处理.要加强清除、包装、运输人员的技术培训和安全防护,减少健康风险,实行许可证管理.同时介绍了利用石棉废物生产氧化镁、制备吸附剂、采用焚烧法处理等研究发展方向,以及采用土地安全填埋处置的基本要求.     

Toxicity of building materials: a key issue in sustainable construction

To avoid the use of toxic building materials is one of the principles of sustainable construction. However and contrary to general beliefs, current residential buildings frequently contain many toxic building materials, some of which even comply with legal regulations. Part of the problem is because architects and civil engineers have no form of knowing the toxicity of building materials. The other part is economically related. Some regulations about toxicity limits are influenced by economic reasons. For instance, although scientific evidence about the toxicity of lead plumbing has existed for quite some time, legal regulations avoid imposing very tight thresholds because of the cost of lead pipe substitution (in Europe that could cost almost 200,000 million euros). It is then no surprise to see that the related Directive (98/83/CE) established a 15-year delay period before the 10 μg/l lead content threshold is enforced. This paper discusses some cases of toxic building materials by reviewing previously published work, it also covers the emission of volatile organic compounds from paints and varnishes, the toxicity of impregnating agents, materials that release toxic fumes during a fire, asbestos-based materials, radioactive materials and lead plumbing.     

我国石棉开采和加工企业粉尘危害研究

石棉纤维对人体健康有不良影响,可致肺纤维化、肺癌、胸膜间皮瘤、胸膜斑等。目前世界上多数国家特别是发达国家都倾向于逐渐削减石棉的使用量以至禁止使用,而我国是石棉生产和使用大国,因此研究我国石棉粉尘危害情况对促进我国经济发展和预防职业病的发生具有重要意义。本文在对全国重点企业重点行业石棉加工企业充分调研的基础上,对石棉粉尘的区域危害状况、行业危害状况和不同生产环节的危害状况进行对比分析,分析了目前我国石棉粉尘危害的地区分布特征、行业分布特征以及主要工艺环节分布特征,并指出了石棉粉尘危害比较严重的地区、行业和生产环节,分析了上述地区、行业、生产环节石棉粉尘危害情况严重的的主要原因,并初步探讨了石棉粉尘的防护措施。     

含石棉制品(ACM)应限制使用

石棉在建筑、制动等行业应用的弊端早已得到重视,由此引起的国际性的环境及制品污染事故均以无法弥补的生命、健康损失和天价赔偿为最终代价。根据当前各国针对含石棉物质的限量要求、检测方法和法令,提出中国应采取的积极应对措施,重点在法令、标准的宣贯、新产品的开发以及检测方法的普及。     

The Exploitation and Environmental Legacy of Amphibole Asbestos : A Late 20th Century Overview

The risk to human health associated with the inhalation of amphibole asbestos has become devastatingly ap- parent this century. The most commonly utilised asbestiform amphiboles, crocidolite (blue asbestos) and amosite (brown asbestos), are implicated in a variety of diseases related to cell damage within the respiratory tract and adjacent areas. Blue and brown asbestos fibres have a morphology and mineralogy which makes them more biopersistent and biochemically reactive than chrysotile (white asbestos). The long-term pres- ence of such fibres within and around the lungs can result in fibrous scarring, lung cancer, and is the major cause of the once extremely rare tumour known as diffuse malignant mesothelioma. Therefore, despite the fact that asbestiformamphiboles comprise approximately 5%of industrially utilised asbestos (the rest being chrysotile), they have been disproportionately pathogenic. Almost all amphibole asbestos sold on the world market was mined from Palaeoproterozoic ironstones in either the northern Cape Province (blue) or Trans- vaal (brown and blue) areas in South Africa. Production peaked from 1966–1978 when around 2 million tons of crocidolite and1million tons of amosite were produced and exported to be used mainly in asbestos-based cement products and many types of building materials. Crocidolite mixed with chrysotile was commonly used in pressure pipes and gaskets, whereas amosite mixed with chrysotile was especially suitable for gut- ters, roofing, and insulation boards. Amid- to late 20th century amphibole asbestos-related cancer epidemic has consequently struck not only mining and milling communities in producer countries, but many groups of workers (and their relatives and neighbours) exposed to amphibole asbestos-bearing materials in importer countries. Although belated closure and reparation of the mines and imposition of threshold safety limits in the workplace will eventually stem this epidemic the death toll has not yet peaked. Given the long latency period (decades) typical of mesothelioma and bronchogenic carcinoma and the fact that amphibole asbes- tos-bearing materials are still present in some buildings, asbestos-related cancer will inevitably continue to be a major cause of death in many countries worldwide well into the next century.