防洪整治工程对白鱀豚和江豚的影响分析

自 1998年大洪水后 ,为了保障人民生命财产的安全 ,水利部门正在规划一系列长江中下游防洪整治工程。根据工程规划方案 ,结合白豚和江豚种群目前的现状 ,综合分析了部分规划中的防洪工程对白豚和江豚的影响。主要包括两个方面 ,一是施工期间的影响 ,二是工程结束后对环境的改变而带来的影响。经分析认为 ,有些工程 ,如洲湾裁弯取直工程、鄱阳湖建闸控制工程将对白豚和江豚产生巨大不利影响 ,建议在近期内不考虑实施。另一些工程如在施工期间和完工后采取积极、有效的保护措施 ,从白豚和江豚保护的角度分析是可行的。     

Rapidly Shifting Baselines in Yangtze Fishing Communities and Local Memory of Extinct Species

Abstract: Local ecological knowledge can provide a unique source of data for conservation, especially in efforts to investigate the status of rare or possibly extinct species, but it is unlikely to remain constant over time. Loss of perspective about past ecological conditions caused by lack of communication between generations may create “shifting baseline syndrome,” in which younger generations are less aware of local species diversity or abundance in the recent past. This phenomenon has been widely discussed, but has rarely been examined quantitatively. We present new evidence of shifting baselines in local perception of regional species declines and on the duration of “community memory” of extinct species on the basis of extensive interviews with fishers in communities across the middle‐lower Yangtze basin. Many Yangtze species have experienced major declines in recent decades, and the Yangtze River dolphin or baiji (Lipotes vexillifer) and Yangtze paddlefish (Psephurus gladius) may have become extinct during the 21^st century. Although informants across all age classes were strongly aware of the Yangtze ecosystem's escalating resource depletion and environmental degradation, older informants were more likely to recognize declines in two commercially important fish species, Reeves’ shad (Tenualosa reevesii) and Yangtze pufferfish (Takifugu fasciatus), and to have encountered baiji and paddlefish in the past. Age was also a strong predictor of whether informants had even heard of baiji or paddlefish, with younger informants being substantially less likely to recognize either species. A marked decrease in local knowledge about the Yangtze freshwater megafauna matched the time of major population declines of these species from the 1970s onwards, and paddlefish were already unknown to over 70% of all informants below the age of 40 and to those who first started fishing after 1995. This rapid rate of cultural baseline shift suggests that once even megafaunal species cease to be encountered on a fairly regular basis, they are rapidly forgotten by local communities.     

界牌河段航道整治工程对白Ji豚和长江江豚影响评价研究

界牌河段航道整治工程于１９９４年动工,１９９８年基本结束。为了防止在施工过程中对白Ｊｉ豚和长江江豚造成意外伤害,并对整治河估的环境变化对白Ｊi豚和长江江豚的影响 作出了评价,作者在１９９５年至１９９９年在界牌河段对白Ｊi豚和江豚的活动和航道整治前后的情况进行了监测。调查结果表明,介牌般道在整 治过程中没有对白Ji豚和江豚造成伤害,原来百航严重的界牌航道得到了有效的整治,同时也有利于白Ｊi豚和江豚的活动