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1.
Mareike Blum 《Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning》2020,22(2):226-238
ABSTRACTAfter the Paris Agreement the global carbon offset markets face regulatory uncertainty and new legitimation challenges. This paper examines the discursive legitimation of the carbon markets between 2015 and 2018 and is based on 37 qualitative interviews with market stakeholders. The results show that the carbon markets remain contested and require new ideas and concepts to construct legitimacy. Some stakeholders consider moving beyond carbon offsetting, mainly due to new risks of double counting. Others continue to portray carbon offsetting as a ‘false solution’. Nevertheless, the trust in carbon markets as an appropriate way to address climate change remains high. Therefore, new forms of international emission trading are likely to evolve under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement. 相似文献
2.
Atmospheric air pollution turbulent fluxes can be assumed to be proportional to the mean concentration gradient. This assumption,
along with the equation of continuity, leads to the advection-diffusion equation. Moreover, large eddies are able to mix scalar
quantities in a manner that is counter to the local gradient. We present a general solution of a two-dimension steady state
advection-diffusion equation, considering non-local turbulence closure using the General Integral Laplace Transform Technique.
We show some examples of applications of the new solution with different vertical diffusion parameterisations. 相似文献
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4.
漫衰减系数是水体重要的光学参数,是水生态系统的重要影响因素.利用2009年4月和2010年5月太湖实测数据,基于光学闭合原理,首先求解出490 nm处水体总的吸收系数[a(490)]和后向散射系数[bb(490)],进而研究了其与模拟的环境一号卫星多光谱数据不同波段遥感反射率之间的关系,在此基础上构建了太湖春季水体Kd(490)反演的半分析模型并将其应用到环境一号卫星影像上进行了太湖春季水体Kd(490)的遥感反演.结果表明,①基于光学闭合原理,可以较为准确地求解出a(490)和bb(490),a(490)实测值与求解值的平均相对误差为17.1%,bb(490)与模拟的环境一号卫星第四波段的遥感反射率具有很好的指数关系;②本研究所构建的模型具有较好的精度和稳定性,利用与卫星影像准同步的地面采样点对模型进行验证,得出模型反演的平均相对误差为21.6%,均方根误差为1.68 m-1;③太湖春季水体Kd(490)具有较强的空间差异性,太湖北部和东太湖大部分区域为Kd(490)的低值区,太湖西部和南部为Kd(490)的高值区,而太湖中部大部分区域介于两者之间. 相似文献
5.
在利用半分析方法结合光学闭合原理模拟水体后向散射系数的过程中,参考波长的选择对最终结果有较大影响.为了得出最佳参考波长的影响因子,利用太湖、巢湖和滇池的野外实测数据,对后向散射系数进行模拟,进而分析水体的最佳参考波长与其对应的水质参数浓度之间的变化规律.同时,建立了太湖、巢湖和滇池水体的后向散射系数曲线的幂函数光谱模型,获得的光谱指数分别为2.643±0.317、 2.719±0.242、 1.638±0.534.结果表明:①以整个湖泊为研究对象时,最佳参考波长随着湖泊水体中总颗粒物浓度cSPM、有机颗粒物浓度cSPOM和叶绿素浓度cCHL平均值的增大而向长波方向移动,太湖、巢湖和滇池水体的最佳参考波长分别为695、 720和730 nm;②以单个湖泊的各个样点为研究对象时,由于内陆湖泊光学特性的复杂性,最佳参考波长的影响因子存在一定差异,但cSPM是一个共同的影响因子.此外,过高的cCHL将削弱水质参数浓度与最佳参考波长间的规律性;③在以无机颗粒物为主的水体中,后向散射系数与总颗粒物浓度之间存在更好的相关性,如在太湖水体中,R2达到0.852. 相似文献
6.
Financial assurance and mine closure: Stakeholder expectations and effects on operating decisions 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Financial assurance is increasingly seen as a means to ensure orderly, clean and lasting closure of mines. Broadly interpreted, “closure” requires leaving viable ecosystems on mining lands that are compatible with a healthy environment and with human activities, that have low hazard, and that encompass measures to prevent ongoing pollution from the site in the long-term. Financial assurance encompasses environmental surety instruments that protect the government and public in the event a mining company cannot meet its reclamation or rehabilitation obligations. As such, financial assurance is in essence the money available for closure of the mine in the case when the mine owner is not available to perform the work. A general trend towards greater environmental concern among social stakeholders in mining further serves to focus attention on policies and practices that can actually “assure” financial assurance.Financial assurance is also perceived as a means to address closure-related challenges that are increasing in number as well as diversity. Notably, current trends involve a shift towards a greater focus to the societal aspects of mine closure rather than just the ecological. The use of financial assurance, however, also raises some fundamental questions about how assurance mechanisms influence mining operations and the relationship between mining operations and their surroundings. This paper examines both the internal effect of a variety of financial assurance approaches on mining operations—in particular the manner in which environmental and social concerns are addressed by mining firms, and the almost inevitable tension between some form of financial provision for closure on the one hand, and governmental expectations of tax revenue on the other. As a major argument for supporting the conduct of mining is that state revenues from the extractive industries supply monies for the building of human and infrastructural capital, this second area of tension also has strong social and developmental overtones. 相似文献
7.
于2013年9月(非采暖季)、2014年2-3月(采暖季)、2014年5月(风沙季)采集忻州市3个监测点(新城区、开发区和旧城区)的PM2.5样品,分析其中的39种元素、9种水溶性离子及2种碳组分,并对PM2.5的质量浓度进行重构。结果表明,重构后的化学组分分为5类:矿物尘、微量元素、有机物、元素碳和二次粒子,其中矿物尘、二次粒子及有机物是忻州PM2.5的主要组成,分别占到ρ(PM2.5)的24.0%~36.2%、19.2%~32.6%和12.9%~25.7%;化学组成质量分数具有较明显的季节变化特征,风沙季矿物尘质量分数高于采暖季和非采暖季,采暖季有机物质量分数高于其他两季,非采暖季二次粒子质量分数略高于其他两季;化学组分的空间变化显示会展中心站点的二次粒子和矿物尘质量分数明显高于其他2个站点。应用化学质量平衡(CMB)模型进行来源解析,结果显示忻州市PM2.5的主要来源是扬尘(21%~35%)、二次粒子(25%~26%)和机动车尾气(21%~26%)。 相似文献
8.
深凹露天矿流场与污染物散布的模拟研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
利用高阶矩湍流闭合方案建立了一个三维非静力高分辨率PBL数值模式,并用此模式模拟了中性层结条件下一个深凹露天矿区实际地形的流场结构与湍流特性,分析并揭示露天矿自然通风特性,为进一步研究露天矿污染扩散规律提供背景流场。数值模拟的一些结果与同样试验条件下的风洞试验结果吻合甚好。 相似文献
9.
为了对瓦斯抽采钻孔周围的裂隙进行有效封堵,建立钻孔漏气圈模型,提出带压注浆一次封孔与漏气处置二次封孔相结合的技术方法,研制出一种既具有封孔又具有漏气处置功能的三囊袋封堵器装置,并进行了现场工业试验。结果表明:该装置成功实现了封孔和漏气处置的一体化操作,能够有效减少漏气圈面积,钻孔瓦斯浓度提高了25%~177%,抽采效果显著提高。 相似文献
10.
Major mining companies have recently embraced the sustainable development paradigm, in seeking to improve their competitiveness and increase shareholder returns. Successful mine closure is one important element of this process. Improved performance in this area is essential if surrounding communities are to see mining companies as responsible corporate and social partners.
In Indonesia, the new approach has coincided with the development of specific mine closure legislation. To facilitate the legislation, a consortium of mining companies joined to form the Industry Mine Closure Steering Committee. This Committee has lobbied the Government, actively negotiating to incorporate sustainable development ideals and practices into the new legislation. The Committee's aim has been to foster continued development of the mining industry, while taking account of variation in environmental, social and community conditions. In describing the process, this article seeks to provide guidance for the development of mine closure legislation in other nations. 相似文献
In Indonesia, the new approach has coincided with the development of specific mine closure legislation. To facilitate the legislation, a consortium of mining companies joined to form the Industry Mine Closure Steering Committee. This Committee has lobbied the Government, actively negotiating to incorporate sustainable development ideals and practices into the new legislation. The Committee's aim has been to foster continued development of the mining industry, while taking account of variation in environmental, social and community conditions. In describing the process, this article seeks to provide guidance for the development of mine closure legislation in other nations. 相似文献