电子供体对地下水中高氯酸盐生物去除的影响研究

通过静态实验,考察了电子供体类型及用量对厌氧条件下微生物去除地下水中高氯酸盐的影响.结果表明,电子供体醋酸盐和H₂的加入,可以明显提高ClO₄^-的去除率,驯化后的微生物去除ClO₄^-的速率比未加入电子供体时提高约1.4~3倍.Monod动态模型能很好地拟合两种电子供体环境下ClO₄^-的微生物去除过程,分别以醋酸盐和H₂作为电子供体时,基质半饱和常数K_s为12.6 mg·L^-1和2.2 mg·L^-1,最大比基质消耗速率V_m为0.45 d^-1和0.08 d^-1.动力学参数表明,本实验条件下,异养型混合菌去除ClO₄^-的效果明显优于自养型混合菌;在少数受高浓度ClO₄^-污染的地下水环境中,为了提高ClO₄^-的去除速率只有通过增加菌体浓度或提高微生物酶的活性来实现.随着电子供体醋酸盐用量增加,ClO₄^-的(比)消耗速率逐渐增大.当初始CH₃COO^-与ClO₄^-的比例为3.80 mg(COD)/mg(ClO₄^-)时,比消耗速率v最大(0.27 d^-1).     

The Cost Efficiency of Wild Dog Conservation in South Africa

Abstract:  Aside from Kruger National Park, no other suitable reserves of sufficient size exist in South Africa that will hold a viable population of wild dogs ( Lycaon pictus ). Consequently, conservation efforts have been focused on creating a metapopulation through a series of wild dog reintroductions into isolated fenced reserves. Additional potential exists for conserving wild dogs on private ranch land. Establishing the metapopulation was an expensive process, accounting for approximately 75% of the US$380,000 spent on wild dog conservation in South Africa during 1997-2001. The principal goal of the metapopulation project was to reduce the risk of catastrophic population decline. Now that this has been achieved, we developed a uniform cost-efficiency index to estimate the cost efficiency of current and potential future conservation strategies in South Africa. Conserving wild dogs in large protected areas was predicted to be the most cost-efficient conservation strategy (449 packs/$100,000 expenditure). Establishing the metapopulation has been less cost efficient (23 packs/$100,000), and expansion of the metapopulation was predicted to be even less cost efficient if predation by wild dogs results in additional costs, as is to be expected if private reserves are used for reintroductions (3-13 packs/$100,000). Because of low logistical costs, conserving wild dogs in situ on private ranch land was potentially more cost efficient than reintroducing wild dogs (14-27 packs/$100,000). We recommend that donor funding be used to reintroduce wild dogs into transfrontier parks, when they are established, to maintain the existing metapopulation and to establish conservation programs involving wild dogs on private ranch land. Investing in the expansion of the metapopulation should be limited to state-owned nature reserves willing to carry predation costs without compensation.     

聚磷菌在不同碳源下的反硝化研究

利用SBR系统对聚磷菌进行了培养,并通过荧光原位杂交手段检测了系统中聚磷菌Candidatus Accumulibacter phosphatis的富集程度.聚磷菌也是一种普通异养菌,为了研究它的反硝化能力,排除了聚磷菌的正常释磷和吸磷过程,仅考察在不同碳源下反硝化性能.结果表明,乙酸和PHB都能成为聚磷菌反硝化的电子供体.当以乙酸为外在单一碳源时,其反硝化速率和PHB生成速率与起始硝酸盐浓度无关,但是当起始状态硝酸盐浓度越高时,消耗单位乙酸生成的PHB和硝酸盐还原量越小.以PHB为内在碳源和能源时,聚磷菌的反硝化速率呈现对于基质(硝酸盐)的零级动力学反应,比反硝化速率为0.973 3mg/(g.h),此外PHB平均比消耗速率为(以PHB计)2.462 6 mg/(g.h).     

SO2在水和有机溶剂中的化学形态及其脂/水分配系数：SO2生理学研究新模式

为了探讨内源性SO2生理作用和毒理作用的化学机制,采用真空减压法、超声波法、通气法、光谱扫描法及摇瓶法等对SO2在水和有机溶剂中的化学形态及其脂/水分配系数进行了研究.研究结果表明:1)气态SO2不仅易溶于水,而且更易溶于有机溶剂;2)SO2在水和有机溶剂中的溶解主要是物理性溶解,其主要以SO2分子状态存在于溶液中,在饱和溶液中90%以上是以自由分子状态存在,在较低浓度下也有50%左右以自由分子状态存在;3)SO2的脂/水分配系数仅为0.16～0.20,使存在于生物膜(脂相)系统的内源性SO2很容易进入水相并转化为亚硫酸盐,这将导致其在组织细胞内的半寿期很短,这符合信号分子的特征.由此结论:1)以SO2生理盐水溶液作为SO2供体,可作为研究内源性SO2生理作用和毒理作用的新模式;2)内源性SO2在组织细胞内的失活途径是:SO2→SO32-/HSO3-→SO42-.此外,论文认为亚硫酸钠和亚硫酸氢钠混合液并不能作为"SO2供体"用以处理生物组织.     

不同共代谢基质对四氯乙烯的厌氧生物降解研究

用驯化好的厌氧污泥对葡萄糖、乳酸盐和醋酸盐作为电子供体时四氯乙烯(PCE)的降解进行研究。实验结果表明,PCE是通过还原脱氯发生生物降解的。实验的回归结果表明,反应均符合一级动力学反应速率,常数的大小依次为k乳酸>k葡萄糖>k醋酸。表明乳酸盐作为电子供体时PCE的降解速率较快,说明在实验条件下乳酸盐是最合适的电子供体。并且在整个实验过程中由共代谢基质提供的电子供体不是PCE降解的限制因素。     

Accelerated anaerobic dechlorination of DDT in slurry with Hydragric Acrisols using citric acid and anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonate (AQDS)

The application of electron donor and electron shuttle substances has a vital influence on electron transfer,thus may affect the reductive dechlorination of 1,1,1-trichoro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane(DDT) in anaerobic reaction systems.To evaluate the roles of citric acid and anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonate(AQDS) in accelerating the reductive dechlorination of DDT in Hydragric Acrisols that contain abundant iron oxide,a batch anaerobic incubation experiment was conducted in a slurry system with four treatments of(1) control,(2) citric acid,(3) AQDS,and(4) citric acid + AQDS.Results showed that DDT residues decreased by 78.93%–92.11% of the initial quantities after 20 days of incubation,and 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)-ethane(DDD) was the dominant metabolite.The application of citric acid accelerated DDT dechlorination slightly in the first 8 days,while the methanogenesis rate increased quickly,and then the acceleration effect improved after the 8th day while the methanogenesis rate decreased.The amendment by AQDS decreased the Eh value of the reaction system and accelerated microbial reduction of Fe(III) oxides to generate Fe(II),which was an efficient electron donor,thus enhancing the reductive dechlorination rate of DDT.The addition of citric acid + AQDS was most efficient in stimulating DDT dechlorination,but no significant interaction between citric acid and AQDS on DDT dechlorination was observed.The results will be of great significance for developing an efficient in situ remediation strategy for DDT-contaminated sites.     

硫自养反硝化系统运行效能和微生物群落结构研究

启动了单质硫自养反硝化反应器并研究其脱氮性能,通过血清瓶批式实验测定了污泥的反硝化活性,并采用扫描电镜和高通量测序手段揭示了系统内微生物群落结构特征.结果表明,SBR反应器进水NO₃^--N浓度为80mg/L,随水力停留时间由12h逐渐缩短为6h,反应器的自养脱氮性能逐渐增强,稳定期反应器的总无机氮去除率达99.1%,总无机氮去除负荷平均值为0.158kg N/（m³·d）;SBR周期内NO₂^--N浓度最大值为13.3mg/L,NO₃^--N还原为NO₂^--N过程pH值由7.38降低至6.94,NO₂^--N还原为N₂过程pH值基本不变;批式实验结果表明,硫自养反硝化和异养反硝化NO₃^--N去除速率分别为0.515,0.196kg N/（kg VSS·d）,硫自养反硝化污泥NO₂^--N降解速率为0.117kg N/（kg VSS·d）,污泥同时具有自养反硝化和异养反硝化活性;扫描电镜显示,污泥中存在大量的杆状细菌和球状菌;污泥中主要的硫反硝化细菌分别为Thiobacillus、Sulfurimonas和Thermomonas属,其相对丰度分别为14.5%、7.6%和6.0%.     

Dechlorination of 2,2＇,4,4＇,5,5＇-hexachlorobiphenyl by thermal reaction with activated carbon-supported copper or zinc

Activated carbon （AC）-supported copper or zinc made from ion exchange resin （IRCu-C and IRZn-C） have an increased metal load of 557.3 mg·g^-1 and 502.8 mg·g^-1 compared to those prepared by the traditional method involving impregnation with AC and copper （II） citrate or zinc citrate solution （LaCu-C and LaZn-C） of 12.9 mg·g^-1 and 46.0 mg·g^-1 respectively. When applied to decompose 2,2＇,4,4＇,5,5＇-hexachlorobiphenyl at 250 ℃, IRCu-C achieved higher activity of 99.0% decomposition efficiency than LaCu-C of 84.7%, IRZn-C of 90.5% and LaZn-C of 62.7%. When the reaction temperature rose to 350 ℃, all the four kinds of reactants can decompose PCB- 153 with efficiency above 90%. Further, X-ray photoelec- tron spectroscopy characterization of IRCu-C before and after the reaction indicated transformation of 19.1% of Cu atoms into Cu^2＋, illustrating that Cu is the active ingredient or electron donor promoting the decomposition of PCB- 153. The mechanism underlying this process differs from a traditional H donor. However, there is no significant change on the surface of IRZn-C before and after the reaction, suggesting that Zn acts as catalyst during the process of PCB-153 decomposition.     

京津冀水源涵养生态服务供体区与受体区范围的划分

京津冀水资源问题已经严重制约区域经济发展,定量分析研究区水源涵养生态服务供受关系,有助于深刻理解区域上下游之间的生态联系,促进区域生态公平,实现区域社会持续健康发展.利用降水储量法、水量平衡法及水源涵养生态服务供体区与受体区划分方法,分析2000-2010年京津冀净水源涵养量空间格局,划分研究区水源涵养生态服务供体区和受体区范围.结果表明:①冀北燕山山区净水源涵养量最高,年均值为65.24~81.35 mm,其次是冀西太行山山区,年均值为46.47~61.28 mm;净水源涵养量负值区主要分布在东部沿海和大中小城市,年均值为-130.46~-152.39 mm.②水源涵养生态服务供体区占研究区面积的41.42%,单位面积（m2,下同）平均净供水量为0.03~0.07 m3;水源涵养生态服务平衡区面积占25.01%;水源涵养生态服务受体区面积占33.57%,单位面积平均净需水量为0.18~0.41 m3,是供体区供水能力的6倍左右.③从流域来看,滦河流域的承德市为天津市、秦皇岛市及唐山市供应水资源,年均供水总量为23.7×108 m3;永定河流域的张家口市为北京市供应水资源,年均供水总量为5.3×108 m3;大清河流域的保定市为北京市及天津市西南部供应水资源,年均供水总量为8.2×108 m3;但子牙河流域和漳卫河流域供水能力严重不足.研究显示,燕山山区和太行山山区为水源涵养生态服务供体区,东部沿海和大中小城市为主要水源涵养生态服务受体区,水源涵养生态服务供体区净水源涵养能力不能满足水源涵养生态服务受体区需水量,整个研究区供受关系严重失衡.