Obligations to animals are based on rights

Some feminist philosophers criticize the idea of human rights because, they allege, it encapsulates male bias; it is therefore misguided, in their view, to extend moral rights to non-human animals. I argue that the feminist criticism is misguided. Ideas are not biased in favour of men simply because they originate with men, nor are ideas themselves biased in favour of men because men have used them prejudicially. As for the position that women should abandon theories of rights and embrace an ethic that emphasizes care: women who made this choice would not so much liberate themselves from the patriarchy as they would conform to its representation of women as emotional, subjective and irrational. There is, then, no good reason to withhold ascribing rights to non-human animals, based on the criticisms of rights made by some feminists.Some of the material in the discussion of the feminist critique of rights originally appeared in my The Case for Animal Rights: A Decade's Passing inA Quarter Century of Value Inquiry: Presidential Addresses of the American Society of Value Inquiry, edited by Richard T. Hull, pp. 451–455. Amsterdam and Atlanta, GA: Rodopi, 1994. These passages are reprinted with the permission of the editor and publisher, whose thoughtful co-operation is gratefully acknowledged.     

Obligations to animals are not necessarily based on rights

I offer a very qualified argument to the effect that rights are grounded in a certain sort of prejudice that privileges individualistic and perhaps masculinist ways of thinking about moral life. I also propose that we look carefully at other conceptions of social ontology and moral life, including the much discussed care conception.     

全面提高成人高校学报质量的思考

针对全国报刊治理整顿后多数学报由内部发行转为正式学报类期刊的新情况,本文从学报业务工作的几个方面对全面提高成人高校学报(以下简称“成高学报”)办刊质量进行了较详细的论述,旨在对成高学报的办刊工作起到一些促进作用。     

从环境伦理学的目的性理论看人与自然的价值区别

人是一种精神性的存在者,其生命承载着多重性的价值.人不光具有自然价值,同时还具有精神价值.这正是人类优越于其它生命的地方.环境论理学的目的性理论,是把意识的价值还原到自然的价值上去.它肯定了生命的权利,具有积极的意义.另一方面,它也混淆了人的精神价值与自然价值的区别.     

环境问题、环境伦理与环境保护探析

人类社会步入二十一世纪,环境问题日益成为全人类共同关注的问题。环境的日益恶化要求人类重新审视人与自然的关系,建立和谐共生的关系体系。保护环境,保护自然,保护人类唯一的家园,实现人类的可持续发展。环境保护是保证当代人和未来人能否享有真正福利的基础,在我国以经济建设为中心的现阶段,环境保护具有重要的意义。     

食品生产企业员工安全行为影响因素研究

为研究食品生产企业员工安全行为的影响因素,本文基于安全领导力、安全氛围、个体认知等方面对员工安全行为的重要影响作用,研究上述各维度对安全行为的影响,结果表明:可感知的安全领导力、良好的安全氛围及对安全的个体认知情况,均会促进员工主动安全行为的产生,且安全领导力对安全行为的影响作用最大,其次是个体认知,再次是安全氛围;安全氛围会抑制员工安全道德行为的产生,个体认知会抑制员工自律守纪行为的产生。     

More time in the kitchen,less time on the streets: the micropolitics of cultivating an ethic of care in alternative food networks

There is increased attention to alternative food efforts as individuals and groups seek to build stronger local food infrastructures to increase accessibility, transparency, and fairness with how food is grown, produced, and distributed. In considering individuals and families contending with food injustices and insecurities; concerns and questions have surfaced about what it means to privilege the leadership and participation of these communities in alternative food efforts. While there are no linear answers to these questions, this paper explores how one statewide food network in the United States seeks to involve youth contending with the juvenile justice system in a job readiness programme, Youth Kitchen, that interfaces the youth with farmers, chef educators, community organisations, and farmers markets. This paper contends that integrating alternative food and juvenile justice work is a complex terrain that both advances social justice and reproduces existing power asymmetries within alternative food networks. The inclusion of accounts from multiple stakeholders in the local food and juvenile justice system generates a multilayered view that moves away from an either sustainability or social justice rubric to a more process-oriented lens that reveals the strategic dilemmas that alternative food networks encounter. On the one hand, the social landscape of this programme promotes an ethic of care and shared ownership between the staff and participating youth. At the same time, akin to many alternative food networks, neoliberal interests bump against this ethic of care and white privilege seeps into staffing patterns and everyday programmes in ways that reproduce the status quo.     

Stewardship of Natural Resources: Definition, Ethical and Practical Aspects

Stewardship is potentially a usefulconcept in modernizing management philosophies. Use ofthe term has increased markedly in recent years, yetthe term is used loosely and rarely defined in landmanagement literature. The connections between thispractical usage and the ethical basis of stewardshipare currently poorly developed. The followingdefinition is proposed: ``Stewardship is theresponsible use (including conservation) of naturalresources in a way that takes full and balancedaccount of the interests of society, futuregenerations, and other species, as well as of privateneeds, and accepts significant answerability tosociety.' A religious interpretation would require thephrase ``and ultimately to God' to be added.Stewardship has both secular and religiousinterpretations and it will be desirable to developboth of these aspects in parallel. A task forphilosophers is to establish whether the ethical basisof stewardship is sufficient to address environmentalconcerns or whether it is necessary to embrace widerethical approaches. Stewardship occupies similarground to several other concepts of use and managementof resources, particularly sustainability. It canbuild on sustainability by encouraging a broader viewof who and what should benefit from managementactivity. In particular, it focuses attention on therole of managers in providing public benefit and onenvisaging other species as a form of ``stakeholder' inmanagement decisions. Stewardship is applicable acrossthe widest range of fields of resource use and alsohas relevance to aspects of land tenure and propertyrights. Application of stewardship will require someadjustments in the roles of private managers/ownersvis-à-vis government. It might providemanagers with an expanded role and, importantly, amore positive image, both of themselves and in theeyes of the public. Stewardship could alsobe developed in a way that has relevance to citizensin general (as opposed to managers and owners ofresources), through their interactions with naturalresources as consumers.     

安全伦理初探

揭示了安全伦理现象,分析了安全伦理关系,提出了构建安全伦理科学的新观点。     

文学的生态化走向--关于生态文学的几点思考

生态文学是在全球性环境危机的背景下，伴随着人类生态意识的觉醒和对现代文明的深刻反思而孕育、诞生的一种新型文学形态，同时也是生态学向文学、文学向生态学相互扩张渗透的产物。它以语言艺术构筑的形象抒写人与自然关系的现实，表达人类应有的对待自然的伦理信念、情感态度及行为规范，引领人们进入人与自然和谐共生的审美的理想境界。