乡村振兴视域下农村土地利用利益相关者分析

乡村振兴的实施使得农村土地利用与管理面临更多的挑战。应用利益相关者分析、博弈均衡分析和实证案例分析,探讨乡村振兴视域下土地利用各利益相关者的关系演变。研究结果显示：（1）1949年至今,农村地区土地利用利益相关者主体数量增加,博弈关系呈现复杂化、多样化和多向化;（2）乡村振兴时期主要有六种博弈关系,并探讨了案例村实施下山脱贫、发展乡村旅游、新型经营主体进驻、城市居民促进农村发展四种博弈决策过程;（3）乡村振兴视域下,农村地区发展应关注基础设施配套、土地利用效率与生态环境协调、农户生计可持续性等问题。乡村振兴中应注重实现土地利用各利益相关者的最优均衡,降低各方风险,保护生态环境并寻求多方利益平衡。     

网络计划在液化气球罐内外部检验过程中的应用

在以工期考虑为重点的V-3002B液化气球罐内外部检验过程中，引用现代管理中网络计划技术关键路线法，为加快芳烃厂压力容器检验提供了科学的依据。本文总结和介绍了网络计划技术在芳烃厂贮运车间V-300亚球罐内外部检验过程应用情况。     

不同扰动下外源磷在形态磷间的分布规律

研究了3种扰动方式对外源磷在上覆水、间隙水、底泥中的数量分布的影响,并分析了内源磷形态间的转化过程.结果表明,与对照实验相比,物理扰动能促进上覆水中磷向底泥迁移,并高于生物扰动和组合扰动的促进作用,并且,三者均高于对照实验.这可归因于溶解氧的渗入.物理扰动能降低间隙水中DIP的平均含量,相比对照实验降低了12.13%(第6 d和第10 d平均值),但降低程度不如生物扰动(38.63%)和组合扰动(50.79%).3种扰动均能促进Fe/Al-P和Ca-P的形成,其中,物理扰动下Fe/Al-P和Ca-P平均形成量最大,物理扰动下AAP含量一直在减小,暗示物理扰动明显促进了AAP向闭蓄态的Fe/Al-P或者Ca-P转化.     

关于渗透通风条件建筑结构对室内PM2.5浓度水平影响评价模型探讨

我国京津冀地区近年频遭大气PM_2.5污染侵扰,相关研究表明,既使关闭建筑外窗,大气中PM_2.5仍可以通过渗透通风方式进入室内污染环境.为定量评价建筑渗透通风及无室内污染源条件下建筑结构（如外窗缝隙结构、房间建筑结构等）对室内ρ（PM_2.5）的影响规律,基于北京市东城区、朝阳区6个不同建筑结构的房间室内外ρ（PM_2.5）实时监测数据,重点比较分析了建筑结构对室内外ρ（PM_2.5）关联特性的影响规律.此外,根据颗粒物穿透特性及沉降特性机理,提出了反映建筑外窗缝隙结构（如缝高、缝深）的无量纲特征参数A_P与反映房间建筑结构（如层高、开间、进深）的无量纲特征参数A_k.在前期提出的室内ρ（PM_2.5）预测模型基础上,进一步构建了二者（A_P与A_k）对室内ρ（PM_2.5）影响的评价模型,并通过实测数据验证了模型的正确性.结果表明:当室外PM_2.5污染程度与气象条件一定时,建筑结构对I/O[室内外ρ（PM_2.5）之比]影响较大,其范围在0.4~0.7之间;随着建筑外窗气密性等级的提高,对应室内ρ（PM_2.5）呈显著的下降趋势.建筑外窗缝隙结构对室内ρ（PM_2.5）影响程度远大于房间建筑结构,敏感性分析结果表明,当建筑外窗缝高每降低50%或缝深每提高50%,对应室内ρ（PM_2.5）约可下降33.6%与31.9%.研究显示,气密性等级较高的建筑外窗缝隙缝高往往较小、缝深较长,渗透通风条件下对控制室内ρ（PM_2.5）水平作用更显著。      

Mass transport model of ions within biofilms under the effect of external field

A mass transport model was developed to predict the transport rate of ions within biofilms, which was experimentally verified using the fluxes of NH4^＋ and Ca^2＋ through the heterotrophic biofilms with the thickness varying from 230 to 1430μm under the effect of external field in the range of-20 V/m to 60 V/m. It is found that the result predicted by the model is in agreement with the experimentally obtained one, with the error less than 5 percent for the thin biofilms. The error increases with the increase of the biofilm thickness. The transport rate of ions caused by electric migration is affected by the charges, field strength, and biofilm thickness and so on.     

基于RFPA2D复合局部挠曲岩体数值模拟

为研究复合局部挠曲岩体强度特征以及破坏规律,采用岩石真实破裂软件RFPA^2D,对水平层面挠曲30°,45°,60°,75°的复合岩体进行单轴压缩试验模拟。模拟结果表明:挠曲角为30°,45°,60°,75°的复合岩体破坏面几乎与挠曲段夹层重合,其挠曲端部均产生了垂直于挠曲段夹层的裂纹;复合单斜岩体与复合挠曲岩体破坏面的形成因素大致相同,夹层强度是2种岩体失稳的主要因素;复合挠曲岩体单轴抗压强度随挠曲角增大同样呈“U”型变化,与单斜岩体变化趋势一致;当水平层状岩体发生挠曲后,其单轴抗压强度减小,当挠曲角为60°时,强度降低25.19%,当挠曲角为75°时,强度降低0.17%。;随着均质系数m的增大,复合挠曲岩体单轴抗压强度以及轴向应变均出现逐渐递增的趋势,且不同m值,其岩体裂隙扩展方式具有明显差别。     

Targeted Sustainable Development: 15 Years of Government and Community Intervention on the St. Lawrence River

From 1988 to 2003, the St. Lawrence Action Plan, a Canada – Quebec cooperation agreement on the St. Lawrence River, helped to mobilize a still-growing number of stakeholders in the conservation and protection of this great river and generated tangible results in a number of areas of intervention. The successes enjoyed in the area of industrial, agricultural and urban clean-up, in protecting plant and animal species and their habitats, and in acquiring new knowledge on the state and trends of the ecosystem reflect the sustained efforts of government and non-government partners over the course of those 15 years. The committed involvement of local communities provides assurance of the sustainable development of this vast ecosystem.The Canadian Crown reserves the right to retain a non-exclusive, royalty free licence in and to any copyright.     

Inorganic nitrogen removal of toilet wastewater with an airlift external circulation membrane bioreactor

Removal of inorganic nitrogen (inorganic-N) from toilet wastewater, using a pilot-scale airlift external circulation membrane bioreactor (AEC-MBR) was studied. The results showed that the use of AEC-MBR with limited addition of alkaline reagents and volumetric loading rates of inorganic-N of 0.19-0.40 kg inorganic-N/(m3·d) helped achieve the desired nitrification and denitrification. Furthermore, the effects of pH and dissolved oxygen (DO) on inorganic-N removal were examined. Under the condition of MLSS at 1.56-2.35 g/L, BOD5/ammonia nitrogen (NH/-N) at 1.0, pH at 7.0-7.5, and DO at 1.0-2.0 mg/L, the removal efficiencies of NH4 -N and inorganic-N were 91.5% and 70.0%, respectively, in the AEC-MBR. The cost of addition of alkaline reagent was approximately 0.5-1.5 RMB yuan/m3, and the energy consumption was approximately 0.72 kWh/m3 at the flux of 8 L/(m2·h).     

Denitrification potential enhancement by addition of external carbon sources in a pre-denitrification process

The aim of this study is to investigate the denitrification potential enhancement by addition of external carbon sources and to estimate the denitrification potential for the predenitrification system using nitrate utilization rate （NUR） batch tests. It is shown that the denitrification potential can be substantially increased with the addition of three external carbon sources, i.e. methanol, ethanol, and acetate, and the denitrification rates of ethanol, acetate, and methanol reached up to 9.6, 12, and 3.2 mgN/（g VSS.h）, respectively, while that of starch wastewater was only 0.74 mgN/（g VSS,h）. By comparison, ethanol was found to be the best external carbon source. NUR batch tests with starch wastewater and waste ethanol were carried out. The denitfification potential increased from 5.6 to 16.5 mg NO3-N/L owing to waste ethanol addition. By means of NUR tests, the wastewater characteristics and kinetic parameters can be estimated, which are used to determine the denitrification potential of wastewater, to calculate the denitrification potential of the plant and to predict the nitrate effluent quality, as well as provide information for developing carbon dosage control strategy.     

负外部成本内部化约束下的煤炭开采税费水平研究

煤炭开采中面临严重的代际负外部性和生态环境负外部性问题,分别运用使用者成本法和直接市场法测算了煤炭资源开采中的代际负外部成本和生态环境负外部成本。根据两个负外部成本充分内部化的要求,提出煤炭开采中税费水平的调整目标。以2008年为例,煤炭开采中资源税的征收标准应由目前的从量0.3-5元/t(约从价1%)提至从价10%;开采吨煤应交的生态环境费用标准应由目前的24元/t提至64.23-68.47元/t,即每吨提高40.23-44.47元。综合资源税和生态环境费用的提高幅度,煤炭开采活动中的税费水平应提高约21-22个百分点;通过比较现行税费制度下煤炭开采企业实交的资源税费、生态环境税费总额与企业应交的资源、生态环境费用总额之间的差距,指出目前我国政府对开采企业隐性税费补贴的规模水平,根据价差法计算得出取消此部分税费补贴将可以削减3 653.69万tCO2排放。