重庆城区地貌灾害的发展趋势及减灾研究

根据对重庆城区20世纪80年代以来发生的地貌灾害的分析研究，认识到其地貌灾害的成因及变化趋势，即时间上的周期性、空间上的分散性、地域上的转移性，并针对其发展趋势提出了相应的防治措施。     

山地城市地貌环境问题研究

运用环境学和地貌学的理论和方法,分析了重庆城市的环境特点和问题。结果表明,重庆城市地貌环境问题严重,城市地貌环境的致灾性强,大气污染的地貌环境作用显著和城市地貌环境质量的人为退化等。并提出了城市地貌环境保护和治理措施。     

复杂地貌区域生态敏感区综合评价与保护对策——以广西钦州市为例

复杂地貌区域国土开发受生态环境因素影响较单一地貌地区更复杂,其境内生态敏感区类型较多,且空间分布比较杂乱,不同生态敏感区之间又相互影响。文章选择山、水、林、田、城互为镶嵌的广西钦州市作为案例城市,以小流域为评价单元,建立集"地"、"水"、"绿"三位于一体的评价体系,在遥感和GIS技术的支持下,将单因子定性分级和多因子空间叠加模型相结合,对整个区域的生态敏感区进行综合评价及分区。从研究结果来看,这种评价技术能够较好地反映这些生态敏感区的综合分异规律,有助于当地政府在区域开发中制定更为科学的生态安全防范对策。     

AN ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK FOR EVALUATING CHANNEL MAINTENANCE FLOWS IN COLORADO1

ABSTRACT: An accounting procedure is developed which determines a flow regime that is capable of transporting an amount of bedload sediment necessary to ensure channel stability downstream. The method allows for sediment buildup in the channel within geomorphic threshold limits during low flow periods. During periods of high runoff, enough water is bypassed to transport the stored sediment. The procedure utilizes only those flows of sufficient magnitude to maintain channel stability over the long run (25–50+ years). An example is presented which determines the volume of water and frequency of release for channel maintenance purposes downstream from a hypothetical water diversion project. Of some 1,200,000 acre feet generated during a 59-year period, 86,500 acre feet was required for channel maintenance flows. Bypass flows were not required each year, but only during those years when average daily flow reached bankfull or greater. Such releases were made on 202 of the 411 days when average flows either equalled or exceeded bankfull discharge.     

综合考虑植被、温度和降水的四川省月尺度伏旱遥感监测

基于四川农业大省的重要性、伏旱监测的必要性、复杂地貌背景区实测气象站点的有限性以及多云雾天气下高频伏旱遥感监测的困难性,综合降水（TRM）、植被（VCI）和地表热力状况（TCI）在旱情发生发展中的作用及体现,构建基于三者加权的伏旱遥感监测模型,并完成了2000—2015年7—8月四川省月尺度伏旱监测,从伏旱多年平均状态、演变趋势、频率三方面分析了四川省月尺度伏旱的时空演变规律。结果表明：1）SDCI（归一化旱情综合指数）=0.25×VCI+0.5×TRM+0.25×TCI模型是最适用于四川省的月尺度伏旱监测模型。该模型体现了在伏旱监测过程中考虑并突出降水的重要性。2）四川省7月平均旱情强度较强,8月旱情强度整体上有所减弱;各地貌类型区7、8月旱情强度则表现为川东盆地旱情强度最强,高原与盆地过渡区次之,川西高原最弱。3）四川省整体上7月伏旱呈减缓变化,8月旱情呈加重变化。川东盆地7月伏旱以加重变化为主,8月则为减缓变化;高原与盆地过渡区及川西高原7月伏旱以减缓变化为主,8月多表现为加重变化。4）四川省不同地貌背景区伏旱频率分布特征表现为川东盆地历年旱情发生频率最高,其次是高原与盆地过渡区、川西高原。川东盆地和高原与盆地过渡区以中度干旱较为频发,川西高原则多为轻度干旱。     

巢湖十五里河河床地貌单元沉积物硝化速率及污染特征

2017年7月~2018年3月,在巢湖流域十五里河城市段河床地貌特征丰富的两处河段,就深潭、浅滩、砾石滩、点砂坝和常规流水区等5种地貌单元类型,按季节采集表层沉积物样和水样,解析不同地貌单元沉积物硝化速率及其变化性,并开展不同地貌单元硝化速率的差异性和影响因素分析.结果表明:(1)十五里河中上游河段氮磷污染严重,且水体氧化还原电位(ORP)值基本都低于零,表明河水处于显著的还原状态.(2)5种地貌单元沉积物的PNR变化范围为0.002~0.079μmol·(g·h)-1,均值为0.023μmol·(g·h)-1,高低排序依次为:深潭点砂坝浅滩砾石滩流水区,相应的季节变化规律基本表现为:夏季春季秋季冬季.(3)5种地貌单元表层沉积物ANR变幅为0.140~13.543μmol·(m2·h)-1,均值为3.658μmol·(m2·h)-1,总体表现为浅滩最高,常规流水区次之,砾石滩和点砂坝大体相当,深潭最小,且季节变化规律与PNR相似.(4)差异性分析表明,深潭、浅滩与其他4种地貌PNR均存在显著差异性,超过半数的地貌单元ANR呈极显著差异性.(5)回归分析表明,5种地貌单元的PNR、ANR与上覆水水质指标的相关性相对较强,而与沉积物理化指标的相关性略弱.     

长江流域地貌系统演化趋势与流域开发

长江流域地貌系统的演化趋势与流域经济开发密切相关。本文阐述了流域变量间相互关系,以及人类活动影响,流域消能率、河型控制因素与河相关系的一般情况,指出流域中自变量的变化必然导致流域环境的改变,今后几十年到一百年,长江流域将受全球气候变化冲击,人类不适当活动的干扰及地壳沉降累积作用等的迭合影响,流域产沙量会增多,中、下游洪水威胁加剧,航行条件变差,护岸投资达百亿元以上。因此,有必要修订流域规划,当三峡水利枢纽修建和运行时,也必须考虑上述迭合作用影响。     

GENERATING DESIGN HYDROGRAPHS BY DEM ASSISTED GEOMORPHIC RUNOFF SIMULATION: A CASE STUDY1

ABSTRACT: The geomorphic instantaneous unit hydrograph (GIUH) may be one of the most successful methodologies for predicting flow characteristics in ungauged watersheds. However, one difficulty in applying the GIUH model is determination of travel time, and the other difficulty is the large amount of geomorphologic information required in the study watershed. Recently, using the kinematic-wave theory Lee and Yen (1997) have analytically determined the travel times for overland and channel flows in watersheds. The limitation of using an empirical velocity equation to estimate the runoff travel time for a specified watershed is then relaxed. To simplify the time-consuming work involved in geomorphic parameter measurement on topographic maps, the GIUH model is linked with geographic information systems to obtain geomorphic parameters from digital elevation models. In this paper, a case study performed for peak flow analysis in an ungauged watershed is presented. The geomorphic characteristics of the study watershed were analyzed using a digital elevation model and were used to construct the runoff simulation model. The design storm was then applied to the geomorphic runoff simulation model to obtain the design hydrograph. The analytical procedures proposed in this study can provide a convenient way for hydrologists to estimate hydrograph characteristics based on limited hydrologic information.     

Geomorphological consequences of fraquent and infrequent rainfall and hydrological events in Pyrennez Mountains of Spain

Various aspects of pluviometric andhydrological events have been studiedworldwide, one of which is the geomorphichazards as the intensity of the eventsexceeds various geomorphic thresholds.During the last few years, rainstorms ofdifferent intensities have occurred in theCentral Spanish Pyrenees, including one ofexceptional character. Large, historicaldebris flows have been studied, as well asthe actual sediment transport in smallexperimental catchments. This study showsthat during the most frequent eventssuspended sediment transport is the commongeomorphic process. Bedload is mobilizedseveral times per year while small rockavalanches and channelized debris flowshave a return period of at least 5 years.Hillslope debris flows are triggered byrainfall events with a 25–30 year returnperiod. Reactivation of large, deep massmovements is linked to rainfalls of around100 year return period (between 130 and160 mm in 24 hours). Catastrophicgeomorphic processes occur whenprecipitation exceeds a 100 year returnperiod, as was the case of the Biescascampsite disaster. Geomorphic processestriggered by intense rainfall events havecaused major damage and human disastersbut the hazards have been reduced by theintroduction of several control measures,including reforestation, the constructionof check-dams, canalization of riversegments and improved flood forecasting.     

DEBRIS FLOW & ITS DISCIPLINARY NATURE

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