Deployment of parabolic trough concentrated solar power plants in North Africa – a case study for Libya

The study addresses the potential of using concentrated solar power plants (CSPs) as a sustainable alternative of clean energy generation in the Mediterranean region and, in particular, in its North Africa shore. This location presents attractive conditions for the installation of CSPs, in particular high solar irradiation, good manpower concentration, and proximity and availability of water resources for condenser cooling. Energetic, exergetic, and economic analyses were conducted taking into consideration a particular type of CSPs - the parabolic trough concentrated solar power plant, which incorporates the most proven technology and it is already used in Southern Europe (Spain). In addition, the study considered the impact of project financing and incentives on the cost of energy. The combination of higher values for performance and potentially lower levelized cost of electricity (LCE) for the North Africa Mediterranean Rim than the South of Spain region can yield a very favorable return for the invested capital. Tripoli compared to Almeria presented superior performance and potentially lower LCE values ($0.18/kWh versus $0.22/kWh). This is significant, even when it is taken into consideration the fact that the plant in Tripoli, despite a relatively modest capacity factor of 34%, has a large gross power output of 173,886 MWhe. In addition, the implementation at the Tripoli location of a plant similar to the Anadsol plant has a slight advantage (2–3%) in terms of overall efficiency.     

‘Emulsion locks’ for the containment of hydrocarbons during surfactant flushing

Reversible double water in oil in water (W/O/W) emulsions were developed to contain subsurface hydrocarbon spills during their remediation using surfactant flushing. Double emulsions were prepared by emulsifying CaCl₂ solutions in canola oil, and subsequently by emulsifying the W/O emulsions in aqueous sodium alginate solutions. The formation of double emulsions was confirmed with confocal and optical microscopy. The double emulsions reversed and gelled when mixed with the surfactants sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and cocamidopropyl betaine (CPB). Gels can act as ‘emulsion locks’ to prevent spreading of the hydrocarbon plume from the areas treated with surfactant flushing, as shown in sand column tests. Shear rheology was used to quantify the viscoelastic moduli increase (gelation) upon mixing the double emulsion with SDS and CPB. SDS was more effective than CPB in gelling the double emulsions. CPB and SDS could adsorb at the interface between water and model hydrocarbons (toluene and motor oil), lowering the interfacial tension and rigidifying the interface (as shown with a Langmuir trough). Bottle tests and optical microscopy showed that SDS and CPB produced W/O and O/W emulsions, with either toluene or motor oil and water. The emulsification of motor oil and toluene in water with SDS and CPB facilitated their flow through sand columns and their recovery. Toluene recovery from sand columns was quantitated using Gas-Chromatography Mass-Spectroscopy (GC-MS). The data show that SDS and CPB can be used both for surfactant flushing and to trigger the gelation of ‘emulsion locks’. Ethanol also gelled the emulsions at 100 mL/L.     

陡坡地灌桑垄槽栽培研究

陡坡地灌桑垄槽栽培研究结果,免除土壤侵蚀的危害,其５０ｃｍ、１００ｃｍ土壤中,比对照区持水量高１０.２０％～３３.６７％、８.２７％～６５.３７％,含全氮率为对照的９０％,含全磷率高２.９％、２６.２％,含全钾率高３.１８％、８.０１％,而水解氮均为对照的６１.５％,速效磷高较对照３９.０２％、９７.７２％,速效钾为对照的９１.４８％、９２.５４％。公顷产桑叶量和蚕茧量均较对照高５～１０倍,经济效益较对照高１１.８８倍。     

冬季动态槽式堆肥温度的空间变异

以鲜鸡粪、蘑菇渣和污泥按照体积比3∶1∶1混合进行动态堆肥模拟试验.堆肥槽沿物料前进方向分为7个部分,对每个部分按等间距分别做5个水平方向上切分和5个垂直方向上切分,在形成的125个交叉点上进行温度监测.研究结果表明,第1天的混合物料温度在同一层中变异很小,不同层之间略有差异.随着动态过程的进行,同一层温度变异逐渐增大,从第一天相差1～3℃,增加到相差30～40℃,靠近墙体的堆料温度较低,远离墙体的温度较高.随着堆肥时间延长,差异增大.机械翻堆能起到通风的作用,同时使每一个堆方的堆料在纵向方向上上下混合,但达不到横向混匀,因此,靠近墙体两侧的堆料始终处于较低的温度,只有中部能达到较高的温度,以堆肥温度50℃作为无害化指标,自墙体向中心方向的1m为没有达到无害化厚度,无害化体积占堆肥总体积50%.整个动态堆肥过程符合二级动力学方程.     

STABILITY AND REACH LENGTH IN WATER SURFACE PROFILE DETERMINATION1

ABSTRACT: Extension of basic step methods of backwater computation to reaches of finite length is examined. Accuracies of commonly accepted hydraulic loss equations under particular water surface profile conditions are compared. Simulation of energy lines within a reach by parabolic curves is found to minimize error provided orientation of the axis of the parabola is selected in accordance with prevailing hydraulic conditions. Theoretical basis for an index reach length beyond which single-step computation from end to end of the reach must be in error is developed. Reduction of this reach length by suitable factors tailored to hydraulic conditions yields a mathematically defined allowable reach length for backwater computation. When reach length does not exceed this allowable reach length, no significant error may be detected. Automatic insertion of synthetic cross sections interpolated between surveyed cross sections when these are inadvertently spaced too far apart enables computation to proceed. This device is error-free for prismatic channls but may introduce error for irregular natural channels. Preliminary trials indicate that results so obtained may be accepted provided the fall in the original reach does not exceed from one to two feet. When this is exceeded, additional cross sections should be surveyed.     

一种新型平流式沉淀池运行效果研究

在进水口加设调流板、溢流堰上沿水流方向设置溢流槽两个方面对传统平流式沉淀池进行了改进,设计提出了一种新型平流式沉淀池。通过试验研究分析了调流板和溢流槽对泥砂沉淀效果的影响,得出新型平流式沉淀池可以大大提高泥砂的沉淀效率,出池水流平均含砂量最大降幅可达94.8%,特别是对细颗粒泥砂的沉淀具有较好的效果。     

S波段低副瓣天线的分析与设计

研究了一种半波振子馈电的带圆片副反射面的抛物面天线.简要介绍了天线低副瓣的含义,并对该天线所使用的馈源的辐射特性进行了理论分析和电磁仿真.设计了一个成本低、体积小、结构简单、电性能良好的低副瓣抛物面天线.这种天线适用于生命探测雷达系统等需要的小尺寸低成本低副瓣天线的特殊场合.     

岩溶槽谷区农村居民点的时空分布特征及其驱动机制

深入分析岩溶槽谷区农村居民点的时空分布特征及驱动机制,对复杂地形、经济滞后地区建设美丽新农村有重要意义。在GIS技术支持下,基于核密度、网格、重心模型、样带及地形剖面相结合的方法,以2005年、2010年、2014年和2017年槽谷区农村居民点为数据源,对其时空演变特征及其规律进行对比分析。研究表明：（1）槽谷区农村居民点呈“西部集聚组团量少规模大,而中、东部零散错落量多规模小”的空间分布模式。（2）西部槽谷农村居民点垂直和坡度重心均有向槽坝迁移的趋势,而中、东部则相反。（3）西部槽谷农村居民点布局呈槽坝高、山坡两翼低的倒“U”型格局,而中、东部则相反。（4）槽谷区农村居民点分布格局与地形间存在密切的空间响应关系。     

冲绳海槽浊流灾害性研究

沉积物表层样口和岩芯样口综合分析及浅层地震剖面判读解表明,晚更新世以来冲绳海槽持续发生和普遍存在浊流活动。通过对浊积层体积规模,发生频率,分布范围以及浊流形成条件的分析,探讨了浊流作用的灾害特点,后者可作为该区环境地质评价及海底工程设计的参考和依据。     

电解氧化法预处理垃圾渗滤液

采用连续式电解槽对垃圾渗滤液进行预处理研究.考察不同的电流密度、进水pH值、Cl-质量浓度等对电解效果的影响,从而确定了最佳操作条件.在最佳条件下,比较研究电解装置对3种不同来源的垃圾渗滤液各项指标的去除效果.结果表明,连续式电解法对中等COD质量浓度的垃圾渗滤液(COD质量浓度为2 000～10 000 mg/L)有较好的处理效果,可有效去除废水中的COD,氨氮和重金属,且对难降解的污染物(如苯胺、苯酚等)有良好的去除作用.该法提高了水质的可生化性,强化了后续生化处理,为中试及工业化工程设计应用提供了参考.