当代中国的环境政策:形成、特点与评价

当代中国环境政策的形成是在1972年联合国人类环境会议后开始起步。1979年翻2006年得翻快速发展。中国环境政策十分注意吸取发达国家的经验教训，密切结合中国国情，其主要特点有：①充分运用命令-控制手段；⑦努力推动筹集环保资金；③着力明确谁应承担保护环境的责任；④不断鼓励“防治结合”和“综合利用”；⑤较早体现对外开放和国际合作。30多年来，中国环境政策逐步演变并深化：地位从基本国策到可持续发展战略。重点从偏重污染控制翻污染控制与生态保护并重，方法从未端治理翻谭头控制，范围从点谭治理到流域与区域的综合治理。手段从以行政命令为主导翻以法律、经济手段为主导。文章最后介绍了国际社会对于这些政策的基本评价，展望了中国环境政策的未来。     

The environmental state at sea

Seas and oceans are confronted with a plethora of environmental problems, caused by land-based activities (agriculture, industries, and ports) and by maritime activities (such as shipping, fishing, oil and gas drilling, tourism, and navigational dredging). Environmental problems at sea challenge the efficacy of state sovereignty. Who is responsible, accountable, and regulates environmental and spatial problems at the level of regional seas, and what is the role of states in these processes of governance? In the regional seas and on the high seas, the environmental state is challenged by two developments: states become players at different levels, and states are confronted with the activities of big market players where they have no or little jurisdiction. The different forms of the environmental state in Europe’s regional seas and in the Arctic Ocean are examined.