Mangrove Mapping Using Landsat Imagery and Aerial Photographs: Kemaman District, Terengganu, Malaysia

Classification and distribution of mangrove vegetation are vital information for the proper development of a mangrove management plan. In this study, classification for the mangroves of the district of Kemaman were done using both 1 : 5000 aerial photographs and Landsat TM imageries. The coverage by aerial photographs is limited to the coastal and estuarine areas only. Thus, for areas further upstream of the aerial photo coverage, Landsat TM imageries were used. Analysis of aerial photographs and remote sensing images revealed that the mangroves of Kemaman could be classified into 14 different classes of vegetation. All the 14 classes were identified from areas covered by the aerial photographs. For areas covered by the Landsat images only 7 classes of vegetation were identified. The accuracy for aerial photograph and Landsat images are 91.2% and 87.8%, respectively. It can be concluded that although both techniques are useful in determining the mangrove vegetation classes, the large 1 : 5000 aerial photographs are more accurate and provided more detailed information comparatively.     

贵州赤水宝元-元厚地区油气遥感信息分析

本文通过对赤水宝元－元厚地区地质背景的分析，研究影响油气遥感无价值信息的主要因素，确定排除油气遥感无价值信息的基本原则，从而决定油气遥感有用信息，并作出地质解释，说明油气遥感直接勘探是一种快速、经济、有效的方法。     

Zoning of Landscapes Exposed to Technogenic Emissions from the Norilsk Mining and Smelting Works

In this study, we have analyzed the degradation of pretundra forests and distinguished the levels of pollution using ground-based and remote-sensing data. The study region is located in the area exposed to emissions from the Norilsk Mining and Smelting Works. The main components of emissions are sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxide, and heavy metals. Currently, the zone of damaged forests extends for more than 200 km. The comparison of the zones of degradation of pretundra vegetation distinguished in satellite images with the results of ground-based observations yielded high similarity coefficients (0.73–0.83) of the Kappa statistics. The zones of vegetation state were classified by NDVI values. The images from the NOAA/AVHRR satellite may be used for delimiting the zones of vegetation degradation by the proposed method.     

黄海绿潮灾害应急遥感监测和预测预警系统

黄海绿潮灾害应急遥感监测和预测预警系统是在绿潮应急遥感监测技术、应急快速漂移预测等技术研究的基础上,基于GIS技术构建了集绿潮遥感信息解译和提取、多源监测数据融合、快速漂移预测和预警产品制作和发布综合业务化平台。在应急遥感监测数据提取方面主要研发了信息提取准自动化技术和多源多时间窗的绿潮监测数据融合技术;在应急预测技术方面主要基于精细化大气和海洋环境动力场,研发了绿潮快速应急漂移预测模型,并通过海上和后报实验提高模拟精度。本系统服务于国家海洋局和政府防灾减灾应急部门,为海上运动、水产养殖、滨海旅游、交通运输、渔业生产等涉海活动和海洋管理提供了科学可靠的技术保障,特别在2008年奥运会帆船/板赛和2012年亚洲沙滩运动会的绿潮监测和预测预警保障工作中发挥了重要的作用,具有巨大的社会、经济和生态效益。     

A study on the Spatial Distribution of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Balance, and Regional Nitrogen Flow Through Crop Production

The spatial distribution patterns of the nitrogen and phosphorus input/intake amounts in crop production within two small basins are examined, based upon a cropping unit distribution map that is obtained from remote sensing data analysis. Firstly, we examine the availability and suitability of approaches to the spatial distribution analysis of cultivation patterns classified from material flow characteristics of crop production using seasonal remote-sensing data. Secondly, material flow units in crop production are grouped according to the cultivation patterns obtained from the remote-sensing data analysis. Consequently, the spatial patterns of the amounts of both nitrogen and phosphorus inputs/intakes through crop production on farmland are examined and their spatial distribution maps are prepared according to the material flow units. In addition, we developed a nitrogen flow and runoff model and the model is simulated based on the examination of the results of spatial distribution patterns of the material flow units. The annual nitrogen runoff from small catchments, where various crops are cultivated, varies from 2.7 kg ha^–1 year^–1 to 108 kg ha^–1 year^–1 and the annual balanced losses of nitrogen in small catchments varied from –30 kg ha^–1 year^–1 to 101 kg ha^–1 year^–1. Also, the monthly changes in soil nitrogen of each material flow unit is estimated at –55 kg ha^–1 as a maximum decrease and 114 kg ha^–1 as a maximum increase. These results indicate that the spatial distribution patterns of nutrient input and intake through agricultural activities should be considered when analyzing the material flows and nutritient movement in soil–water systems in rural areas for watershed environmental control and regional agricultural management.     

浅谈遥感地球化学

从地球化学和遥感的发展过程角度出发，阐述了遥感地球化学产生、发展的过程及其应用范围，指出遥感地球化学的产生是遥感和地球化学两门学科各自发展的需要，它们的结合必将会促进这两门学科的进一步发展，同时也提出了需进一步加强研究与探讨的领域。     

农村居民点整治潜力测算方法研究进展与展望

在快速工业化、城镇化背景下,我国农村空心化日益加剧,以空心村整治为重点的农村居民点整治势在必行。科学评估和测算整治潜力,是农村居民点整治的首要任务。论文通过梳理农村居民点整治潜力测算方法的相关研究成果,旨在为推进我国空心村整治实践提供技术参考。首先,文章简要回顾了人均建设用地标准法、户均建设用地标准法、闲置土地抽样调查法等农村居民点整治潜力测算的基本方法及其优缺点;其次,详细介绍了多因素综合潜力测算法、遥感判读法等潜力测算的新方法。论文认为,未来农村居民点整治潜力测算研究需重点关注以下三个方面：1）加强遥感技术的应用;2）评价指标体系的构建应体现综合性和地域差异性的统一;3）以乡村空间重构和村镇建设格局为导向,加强整治潜力评价指标的动态预测。     

中国能源消费碳排放的空间化与时空动态

近年来全球多地遭遇极端天气,给人类社会的生产生活带来极大影响,共同应对全球气候变化已成为国际共识,在此背景下如何通过科学方法摸清二氧化碳排放情况成为响应国家"双碳"战略的重要工作.通过省级尺度的碳排放统计数据,综合夜间灯光数据和人口数据,将碳排放量分配到栅格尺度,并对中国2000、2005、2010、2015和2018年碳排放的时空格局、演变特征及碳排放与经济增长的关联性进行综合分析.结果表明：①从2000~2018年,中国的CO₂排放总量持续增长,但增长速率呈现放缓的趋势,碳排放年均增长速率由2000~2010年的9.9%下降至2010~2018年的7.4%.从空间分布来看,无碳排放地区主要分布在西北无人区及东北的林区和山区,低碳排放主要分布在广大的中小城镇地区,高碳排放则集中分布于华北、华中、东部沿海以及西部的省会城市及城市群附近;②碳排放在地级市尺度上存在高值聚集或低值聚集现象,且该聚集现象整体趋于稳定,在2005年之后有所加强;低低集聚区主要分布在西部的连片地区和海南岛,且随着经济社会的发展,低低集聚区开始破碎,规模减小;高高集聚区主要分布在京津冀城市群、太原城市群、长江三角洲城市群和珠江三角洲城市群地区且规模在逐步加强巩固;高低、低高集聚区则主要出现在社会经济发展水平差异较大的邻近城市;③中国大部分地区的碳排放量相对稳定,碳排放发生较大变化的地区主要分布在省会城市和重点城市的外围地区,即存在中心城区碳排放无变化,外围区域碳排放变化的圈层结构;④在2000~2018年中国城市发展进程中,整体上遵循一个由"低排放-低收入"转向"高排放-低收入"再转向"高排放-高收入"最终转向"低排放-高收入"的发展规律.从整体来看,中国碳排放的增速在放缓,在实行"双碳"战略的大背景下,各地区由于不同的社会经济发展情况和能源需求情况所面临的碳减排任务与压力也不尽相同,因而应分地区和分行业实施差异化的碳减排政策.     

河套地区农牧交错带灌丛沙堆消亡现象与农业活动关系初探

灌丛沙堆作为一种典型的风积地貌,其形成与演化过程受到学界的普遍关注。在我国北方河套地区,灌丛沙堆广泛分布于库布齐沙漠和毛乌素沙地边缘,其发展与区域农业活动联系紧密。本文选取河套地区灌丛沙堆集中分布的红旗一社和红眼沙样点,基于近年遥感影像分析和野外调查等方法,关注灌丛沙堆发展过程与农业活动之间的关系。研究发现：研究区内灌丛沙堆的发育规模和数量变化在很大程度上受到区域农业活动的影响。2009—2020年,红旗一社和红眼沙研究点灌丛沙堆面积均呈现出明显递减趋势,分别减少了约7.38 ×10⁴ m²和35.02 ×10⁴ m²。研究得出当地农民的垦荒行为是区域灌丛沙堆消亡现象发生的主要原因;此外,发现农民利用灌丛沙堆进行土壤改良,此活动可在一定程度上缓解河套平原黄河灌溉区存在的土地盐渍化问题。但考虑到灌丛沙堆对于风沙危害的防治作用,建议未来需对其进行有规划的保护。